Raccoon rabies: the re-emergence of an epizootic in a densely populated area |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, No. 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, PR China;2. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, 1801 Zhongwu Avenue, Changzhou, Jiangsu, PR China;3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, United States;1. Laboratório de Zoologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária s/n, 79090-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil;2. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária s/n, 79090-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil;3. Laboratório de Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Micoteca, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária s/n, 79090-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil;4. Laboratório de Evolução e Biodiversidade, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária s/n, 79090-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil;5. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária s/n, 79090-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil;1. Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA;2. Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA;3. Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA;4. Division of Transplant Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA;1. Demersal Division, Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Skúlagata 4, PO Box 1390, 121 Reykjavík, Iceland;2. CEMSE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia;1. Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China;2. Yunnan Vocational College of Land and Resources, Kunming 650217, China;1. Greenland Institute of Natural Resources and Climate Research Centre, Postboks 570, 3900, Nuuk, Greenland;2. Department of Cultural and Social History, Ilisimatusarfik, University of Greenland, Manutooq 1, 3905, Nuussuaq, Greenland;3. Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UIT, The Arctic University of Norway, Postboks 6050, Langnes, 9037, Tromsø, Norway;4. Centre d''Etudes Biologique de Chizé, UMR 7372 – CNRS & Université de La Rochelle, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France |
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| Abstract: | Investigation of sporadic or isolated cases of rabies was encouraged in the 1950s by the implementation of a national surveillance system for reporting of rabies cases. Low level enzootic disease was recognized in several wild species during this period, including a small focus of rabies in raccoons in Florida. Phylogenetic analysis of the virus transmitted by rabid raccoons and reconstruction of the early history of raccoon rabies in the United States suggests that rabies was present in these animals long before its recognition by the public health community and that the emergence of raccoon rabies as a major threat to public health was the result of several natural and human-mediated events. In recent years, reports of raccoon-human contact and rabies in raccoons have increased as changes in human demographics and land development have concentrated raccoon populations in urban and suburban settings. In addition to the natural spread of rabies from Florida to raccoon populations in Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina and North Carolina, a separate focus in the northeastern states is believed to have been caused by the translocation of raccoons from the southeast to Virginia and West Virginia. Oral vaccination of wild species may be an important adjunct to traditional rabies control measures in the management of this disease in the future. |
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