Wing-hearts in Mecoptera (insecta) |
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| Affiliation: | 1. The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, School of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, Hebei Province, China;2. Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK;3. Three Gorges Entomological Museum, P.O. Box. 4680, Chongqing, 400015, China;4. Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China;1. State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China;2. Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region;3. Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d''Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, Entomologie, F-75005, Paris, France;4. Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK;5. Goglio (Tianjin) Packaging Co. Ltd, No. 99, West 11th Avenue, Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, China;6. Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1, Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China;1. Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Carrera 125 No. 19-225 Avenida La María-Pance, Cali Código Postal 760031, Colombia;2. Grupo de Entomología, Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), Avenida Calle 26 No 51-20-Zona 6 CAN, Bogotá, DC, Colombia;3. Secretaría de Salud Departamental de Risaralda, Calle 19 No. 13-17, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia;1. State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China;2. Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China;3. Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d''Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, Entomologie, F-75005, Paris, France;4. Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1, Beichen West Road, Beijing, 100101, China;1. State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39, East Beijing road, Nanjing 210008, China;2. Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China;3. Research Institute of Experiment and Detection, Xinjiang Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Karamay 834000, PR China;4. Comprehensive Geology Exploration Team, Xinjiang Coalfield Geology Bureau, West Mountain road, Ürümqi 830000, China;5. Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1, Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China |
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| Abstract: | The accessory pulsatile organs for hemolymph circulation in the wings of 7 Mecoptera species were investigated by means of serial semi-thin sections, SEM and TEM. The wing-hearts are located in the dorsal meso- and metathorax, and have no connection to the aorta. Each wing-heart consists of a small hemolymph chamber formed above by the convex scutellum, and below by a horizontal muscular diaphragm. The chamber is connected to the posterior wing veins by a cuticular tube on each side of the body. The diaphragm (10–15 μm thick) is convex in cross-section and consists of transversely extended muscle fibers. Their ultrastructure reveals typical characters of myocardial and other visceral muscle fibers. The diaphragm muscle is innervated by a pair of thin nerves originating from the thoracic ganglion of each corresponding segment. The diaphragm is held in a convex position by numerous elastic strands (2 μm in diameter), which extend through the wing-heart lumen between the scutellum and the diaphragm. The diastolic phase of the wing-heart is caused by contraction of the diaphragm muscle fibers. Thus, the diaphragm flattens and hemolymph is drawn from the posterior wing veins. The systolic phase is caused by the elasticity of the suspending strands after relaxation of the muscle fibers. The elastic strands pull the diaphragm back into convex position and hemolymph is expelled out of the scutellum lumen into the thorax cavity through a valvular opening on the anterior side. The hemolymph flow from the posterior wing base to the scutellum lumen, was visualized by staining the hemolymph. In Panorpa communis the volume of the wing-heart lumen measures 1.6 × 10−2 mm3 in the mesothorax, and 1.2 × 10−2 mm3 in the metathorax. Each heartbeat transports a maximum of 65% of these volumes. The pumping frequency was 78 ± 20 beats per min, registered with a non-invasive photo-optical method in restrained animals. Corresponding pulsating movements occur as a passive phenomenon of wing-heart activity in a distinct area of the wing base. Only minor differences were found in the construction of wing-hearts among the investigated species, except for Boreus hyemalis, which lacks these accessory circulatory organs. The functional morphology of the wing-hearts in Mecoptera is compared with that of other Holometabola and aspects of the evolution of these organs are discussed. |
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