HIV/AIDS epidemic in Eastern Europe: Recent developments in the Russian Federation and Ukraine among women |
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| Authors: | Larissa Burruano Yury Kruglov |
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| Institution: | 1. IMS Health Outcomes and Research, Munich, Germany;2. Ukrainian Center for AIDS Prevention, Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine;1. Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana;2. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;3. Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;4. Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;5. Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;6. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;7. Bennett Statistical Consulting, Inc, Ballston Lake, NY, USA;8. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women''s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;9. Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women''s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;10. Ministry of Health, Republic of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana;11. Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana;1. Director, Ukrainian Institute of Public Health Policy, 4 Malopidvalna Str. Of. 6 Kyiv, 01001 Kyiv, Ukraine;2. Department of Psychiatry and Drug Abuse, O.O. Bogomolets National Medical University, 34, Peremogy Avenue, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine;3. Treatment Research Institute, Suite 600, 150 South Independence Mall (W), Philadelphia, PA 19106, United States;4. Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado, 1741 Vine Street, Denver, CO 80206, United States;5. Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and Treatment Research Institute, Suite 600, 150 South Independence Mall (W), Philadelphia, PA 19106, United States;6. School of Medicine, University of Alabama, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, United States;7. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 39th & Woodland Avenues, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States;1. Population, Policy and Practice Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK;2. Perinatal Prevention of AIDS Initiative, Odessa, Ukraine;3. Shupyk National Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Kiev, Ukraine;1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA;2. Ukrainian Institute on Public Health Policy, Kiev, Ukraine;3. Ukrainian Institute on Public Health Policy, Kiev, Ukraine;4. Global Health Institute, University of California San Diego Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA;5. Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA;1. Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, AIDS Program, New Haven, CT, USA;2. Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA;3. Future Without AIDS Foundation, Odessa, Ukraine;4. Ukrainian Institute on Public Health Policy, Kyiv, Ukraine;5. Yale University School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, CT, USA |
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| Abstract: | Background: The Russian Federation and the Ukraine are among the Eastern European countries with the fastest growing number of cases of HIV. According to data from the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS, nearly 90% of newly reported HIV diagnoses in Eastern Europe in 2006 were from the Russian Federation (66%) and the Ukraine (21%). A growing number of women are infected with HIV. The impact of gender on HIV/AIDS is an important factor in understanding the development and evolution of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Eastern Europe.Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the importance of integrating gender consideration into the creation of HIV programs and to examine the effect of gender on HIV/AIDS.Methods: Reported HIV/AIDS cases from the official epidemiological register of the Ukrainian Centre for AIDS Prevention alongside data from the Russian Federal AIDS Center were analyzed. Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS country fact sheets were reviewed and analyzed, and this information was supplemented with published HIV prevalence and sexually transmitted disease case reporting information, unpublished reports, and expert evaluations.Results: Of the newly registered cases of HIV, the proportion of women rose from 13.0% in 1995 to 44.0% in 2006 in the Russian Federation, and from 37.2% in 1995 to 41.9% in 2006 in the Ukraine. There has also been a considerable increase in mother-to-child transmission of HIV since 1995. Between 1987 and 1994, the proportion of children among the people newly infected with HIV in the Ukraine was 2.2%; in 2006 it was 17.6%. In 2006, 16,078 new HIV cases were registered in the Ukraine and 39,652 new HIV cases in the Russian Federation. Large increases in the number of HIV-infected women were reported from both countries.Conclusions: The data examined in this study suggest subregional differences in the magnitude of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Russian Federation and the Ukraine and the importance of the impact of gender on the rapid spread of the HIV/AIDS epidemic among women and women of child-bearing age. To protect women from HIV infection, it is important to find ways to empower them by implementing policies and specific prevention measures that increase their access to knowledge about HIV/AIDS; the empowerment of women is vital to reversing the HIV/AIDS epidemic. |
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