Molecular control of facial morphology |
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| Authors: | B Liu SM Rooker JA Helms |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan;2. Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan;1. Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children''s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;2. Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children''s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;1. Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan;2. Division of Human Embryology, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate 028-3694, Japan;3. Genome Resource and Analysis Unit, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan;1. Università dell’Aquila, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, Sanità Pubblica, Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, L’Aquila 67100, Italy;2. Università di Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Sezione di Antropologia, Monserrato 09042, Italy;3. Università di Roma ‘La Sapienza’, Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Rome 00185, Italy;1. Department of Biomedical Research, Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA;2. Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;3. Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA |
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| Abstract: | We present a developmental perspective on the concept of phylotypic and phenotypic stages of craniofacial development. Within orders of avians and mammals, a phylotypic period exists when the morphology of the facial prominences is minimally divergent. We postulate that species-specific facial variations arise as a result of subtle shifts in the timing and the duration of molecular pathway activity (e.g., heterochrony), and present evidence demonstrating a critical role for Wnt and FGF signaling in this process. The same molecular pathways that shape the vertebrate face are also implicated in craniofacial deformities, indicating that comparisons between and among animal species may represent a novel method for the identification of human craniofacial disease genes. |
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