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1.
Steven M. Melemis 《The Yale journal of biology and medicine》2015,88(3):325-332
There are four main ideas in relapse prevention. First, relapse is a gradual process with distinct stages. The goal of treatment is to help individuals recognize the early stages, in which the chances of success are greatest. Second, recovery is a process of personal growth with developmental milestones. Each stage of recovery has its own risks of relapse. Third, the main tools of relapse prevention are cognitive therapy and mind-body relaxation, which are used to develop healthy coping skills. Fourth, most relapses can be explained in terms of a few basic rules. Educating clients in these rules can help them focus on what is important: 1) change your life (recovery involves creating a new life where it is easier to not use); 2) be completely honest; 3) ask for help; 4) practice self-care; and 5) don’t bend the rules. 相似文献
2.
D. EISIKOWITCH Z. LAZAR 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1987,95(2):101-111
Flower change in Oenothera drummondii Hooker as a response to pollinators' visits. The colour and shape of flowers of Oenothera drummondii change owing to senescence, pollination and/or nectar withdrawal. This phenomenon is interpreted as a signal emitted by the plant to 'inform' the potential pollinator of its new status as a rewardless flower. This method of signalling might be important for the pollinators in order to save energy in seeking the correct flowers and for the plant to ensure visits to those flowers that have not yet been visited. 相似文献
3.
Robert E. Hruska 《Journal of neurochemistry》1988,50(6):1929-1933
Chronic in vivo exposure of rats to ethanol in a complete liquid diet for 14 or 21 days produced a behavioral tolerance to the acute injection of ethanol. After 21 days, but not 14 days, of chronic exposure, there was a significant increase in the maximum density of striatal D1 and D2 dopamine receptors without a change in these receptors' affinities. A 24-h withdrawal from the 21-day exposure did not alter the observed increase in density. Both the level and duration of ethanol exposure appear to be important variables for demonstration of an increase in striatal D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. 相似文献
4.
The effect of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal after acute morphine was studied on the concentrations of noradrenaline (NA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG), dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA), and on the metabolite/parent amine ratios MHPG/NA, DOPAC/DA and HVA/DA, in eight regions of the guineapig brain. Guinea-pigs were treated with a single dose of morphine sulphate (15 mg/kg s.c.) or saline (control) and 2h later with naloxone hydrochloride (15 mg/kg s.c.) to precipitate withdrawal. The animals were decapitated at 0.5 h or 1 h after naloxone injections and their brains analysed for monoamine concentrations by HPLC-ECD. At 0.5 h after naloxone-precipitated withdrawal NA and MHPG levels, and the MHPG/NA ratio, were increased in the hypothalamus, and the NA levels were increased in the hypothalamus, medulla/pons and cortex 1 h after naloxone. Naloxoneprecipitated withdrawal also produced increased DA metabolism in the cortex, midbrain and medulla 0.5 h later, and in the cortex, hypothalamus and striatum 1 h later. Hence naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from acute morphine treatment produced a complex pattern of increased synthesis and metabolism of NA and DA which varied over time and with the brain region examined. 相似文献
5.
A group of serotonergic cells, located in the pedal ganglia ofHelix lucorum, modulates synaptic responses of neurons involved in withdrawal behavior. Extracellular or intracellular stimulation of these
serotonergic cells leads to facilitation of spike responses to noxious stimuli in the putative command neurons for withdrawal
behavior. Noxious tactile stimuli elicit an increase in background spiking frequency in the modulatory neurons and a corresponding
increase in stimulus-evoked spike responses in withdrawal interneurons. The serotonergic neurons have processes in the neuropil
of the parieto-visceral ganglia complex, consistent with their putative role in modulating the activity of giant parietal
interneurons, which send processes to the same neuropil and to the pedal ganglia. The serotonergic cells respond to noxious
tactile and chemical stimuli. Although the group as a whole respond to noxious stimuli applied to any part of the body, most
cells respond more to ipsilateral than contralateral stimulation, and exhibit differences in receptive areas. Intracellular
investigation revealed electrical coupling between serotonergic neurons which could underlie the recruitment of members of
the group not responding to a given noxious stimulus. 相似文献
6.
We have studied the role of second messenger and protein phosphorylation pathways in mediating changes in neuronal function associated with opiate addiction in the rat locus coeruleus. We have found that chronic opiates increase levels of the G-protein subunits Gi and Go, adenylate cyclase, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, and a number of phosphoproteins (including tyrosine hydroxylase) in this brain region. Electrophysiological data have provided direct support for the view that this up-regulation of the cyclic AMP system contributes to opiate tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal exhibited by these neurons. As the adaptations in G-proteins and the cyclic AMP system appear to occur at least in part at the level of gene expression, current efforts are aimed at identifying the mechanisms, at the molecular level, by which opiates regulate the expression of these intracellular messenger proteins in the locus coeruleus. These studies will lead to an improved understanding of the biochemical basis of opiate addiction.Special issue dedicated to Dr. Paul Greengard 相似文献
7.
Effect of chloride withdrawal on the geometry of the T-tubules in amphibian and mammalian muscle 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Angela Dulhunty 《The Journal of membrane biology》1982,67(1):81-90
Summary The relative chloride permeabilities of the T-tubule membranes in mammalian (rat sternomastoid) and amphibian (toad sartorius) skeletal muscle fibers have been assessed from the change in volume of the T-tubules during chloride withdrawal from fibers exposed to low extracellular chloride concentrations. A 3.5- to 4.2-fold increase in T-tubule volume was found in mammalian fibers, and this was shown to be independent of the composition of the low chloride solution or the nature of the fixative used in preparation for electron microscopy. The increase in T-tubule volume was transient and was inhibited by factors which block chloride conductance, i.e., low pH, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and nitrate ions. A small increase (1.48-fold) in T-tubule volume was seen in amphibian fibers when chloride ions were replaced by sulphate ions. No increase in volume was observed in amphibian T-tubules when methyl sulphate ions replaced chloride ions. The results support the idea that the chloride permeability of the T-tubule membrane is significantly higher in mammalian fibers than in amphibian fibers. 相似文献
8.
Arpad I. Csapo 《Prostaglandins & other lipid mediators》1977,13(5):965-973
Following ovariectomy of five New Zealand white rabbits at day 25 of pregnancy, the intrauterine pressure (IUP) and uterine progesterone (P) and prostaglandin (PG) levels were measured sequentially at days 25, 26 and 27. At day 25, when the uterine P and PGE and PGF were high, massive intrauterine treatment with 500 μg PGF2α provoked only a sustained contracture on which only low level oscillation in IUP was superimposed. At day 26, when the P levels had decreased significantly (P<0.001) and the PG levels had not changed significantly, 50 μg PGF2α significantly increased cyclic IUP as compared with the day 25 value (P<0.001). At day 27, when the P levels decreased further, as little as 5 μg PGF2α provoked still higher cyclic IUP, in spite of a significant reduction in PG levels (P<0.05).Stretching the uterus of six post partum and six 26 days pregnant rabbits (after removing the uterine contents) significantly increased the uterine PGF levels (P<0.001). However, stretch increased only cyclic IUP of the post partum uterus and was without effect on the pregnant uterus, which still had high P levels. These results indicate that the myometrium
activated by exogenous PG or stretch, regardless of whether the uterine PG levels increase, remain unchanged or even moderately decrease, provided that the uterine P levels are reduced to a critical value. 相似文献
9.
近年来很多人都悲观地预测医药产业行将消亡,但至今尚未应验,事实上患者活得很好。药品监管者制定的新法规已受到产业的热捧,包括美国食品药品管理局(FDA) 的“突破性疗法”、“合格感染性疾病产品(qualified infectious disease product,QIDP)” 认定以及如今在很多国家都已深入人心的孤儿药法规。医药公司往往很务实,及时果断摈弃开发计划中表现欠佳的项目,这样虽对计划进行了瘦身,却提高了项目质量。2013 年医药企业仍趋于继续通过并购以巩固在产业中的地位,提升效率。综述2013 年医药产业林林总总的发展趋势。 相似文献
10.
Persistent quadriceps strength deficits in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLr) have been attributed to arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of vibration-induced hamstrings fatigue on AMI in patients with ACLr. Eight participants with unilateral ACLr (post-surgery time: M = 46.5, SD = 23.5 months; age: M = 21.4, SD = 1.4 years) and eight individuals with no previous history of knee injury (age: M = 22.5, SD = 2.5 years) were recruited. A fatigue protocol, consisting of 10 min of prolonged local hamstrings vibration, was applied to both the ACLr and control groups. The central activation ratio (CAR) of the quadriceps was measured with a superimposed burst of electrical stimulation, and hamstrings/quadriceps coactivation was assessed using electromyography (EMG) during isometric knee extension exercises, both before and after prolonged local vibration. For the ACLr group, the hamstrings strength, measured by a load cell on a purpose-built chair, was significantly (P = 0.016) reduced about 14.5%, indicating fatigue was actually induced in the hamstrings. At baseline, the ACLr group showed a trend (P = 0.051) toward a lower quadriceps CAR (M = 93.2%, SD = 6.2% versus M = 98.1%, SD = 1.1%) and significantly (P = 0.001) higher hamstrings/quadriceps coactivation (M = 15.1%, SD = 6.2% versus M = 7.5%, SD = 4.0%) during knee extension compared to the control group. The fatigue protocol significantly (P = 0.001) increased quadriceps CAR (from M = 93.2%, SD = 6.2% to M = 97.9%, SD = 2.8%) and significantly (P = 0.006) decreased hamstrings/quadriceps coactivation during knee extension (from M = 15.1%, SD = 6.2% to M = 9.5%, SD = 4.5%) in the ACLr group. In conclusion, vibration-induced hamstrings fatigue can alleviate AMI of the quadriceps in patients with ACLr. This finding has clinical implications in the management of recovery for ACLr patients with quadriceps strength deficits and dysfunction. 相似文献