甘肃马鹿夏冬季在祁连山高山草地的放牧行为

为了揭示甘肃马鹿放牧行为的季节差异及其与草地状况和气候等因素的关系,夏季和冬季在祁连山高山草地进行了观察研究。夏季,甘肃马鹿在灌丛中的采食速度从出牧到午间逐渐加快,午后至归牧变化趋势不明显;觅食速度日动态呈增加趋势;每步采食口数上午逐渐增大,午间最高,下午逐渐减少;在不同草地中,甘肃马鹿活动时间的长短依次为灌丛草地>莎草地>禾草地,采食速度依次为禾草地>莎草地>灌丛草地,觅食速度依次为莎草地>禾草地>灌丛草地,每步采食口数依次为禾草地>灌丛草地>莎草地;采食/反刍时间比2.4,1d反刍4次,反刍前后均采食,归牧前有1次采食高峰。冬季,马鹿的采食速度和每步采食口数日变化呈凸抛物线型,午间最高,采食速度与气温显著正相关;觅食速度的日变化呈凹抛物线,午间最低,与气温显著负相关;采食/反刍时间比为4.0,1d反刍2次,归牧前反刍时间较长,其后不再采食。冬季,马鹿的采食时间、反刍时间、采食速度、觅食速度、反刍咀嚼速度、每食团咀嚼次数和反刍总食团数比夏季低,采食行为的日动态较夏季稳定,但反刍行为的个体间差异高于夏季。     

基于粪便DNA的马鹿种群数量和性比

为分析黑龙江省完达山林区马鹿种群生存状态,制定科学有效地保护措施,从分子水平研究了种群数量和性比。2006、2007两年冬季跟踪马鹿足迹链,于五泡林场共搜集210份粪便,以成功提取DNA的167份作为分析样本。通过多态性较高的7个微卫星位点进行了基因分型分析,显示167份粪便DNA分属66只个体。基于非损伤性标志重捕法,统计出林场内马鹿数量2a平均47(39—60)只,密度0.302(0.251—0.386)只/km2,与2002年大样方法调查结果相比有减无增。SRY基因性别鉴定显示,种群雌雄性比1.00∶2.00(22♀,44♂),存在较多雄性个体,分析认为偷猎是导致性比失衡的最主要原因。数量的持续下降和性比失衡提示完达山林区马鹿种群数量的恢复需要更好地保护工作。     

Habitat selection by wapiti (Cervus elaphus xanthopygus) in Wandashan Mountains, China, based on habitat availability

In 2004 and 2005, we studied winter habitat use and selection by wapiti in Wandashan Mountains, Heilongjiang Province, China. Using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS), we measured habitat availability in terms of the area of each habitat category in the study area. We compared winter habitats used by wapiti and their availability. The results showed that the habitats used by wapiti were disproportional to their availability. Wapiti preferred clear-cuttings, low vegetation coverage (No. 2, 3 NDVI classes), 200–300 m elevation range, south aspect, and 600–700 m distance range away from roads. They also showed different preferences for feeding and resting. The feeding sites tended to be located at broad-leaved stands and clear-cuttings, No. 2, 3 NDVI classes, and south slope, whereas the bedding sites tended to be clear-cuttings, and No. 2, 3, 4 NDVI classes. Using the logistic regression model to predict the probability of habitat use by wapiti in winter, we found that the overall prediction accuracy was 74.4% for the total habitat samples, with 84.2% for the habitat samples used by wapiti and 62.4% for the control samples correctly predicted by using this model.     

Genetic polymorphism of erythrocyte diaphorase in red deer, Cervus elaphus L.

NADH diaphorase polymorphism was identified in red deer erythrocyte lysates using starch gel electrophoresis and activity staining. The inheritance of the polymorphism was consistent with predictions of autosomal codominant inheritance of two alleles DIA1F and DIAS. In New Zealand's four main feral red deer populations (n = 188) the DIA1F allele frequency ranged from 0.491 to 0.985. A sample of North American wapiti (n = 42) was monomorphic for the DIA1F allele.     

甘肃马鹿冬季放牧践踏作用及其对土壤理化性质影响的评价

确定了草地上路径的密度,宽度,深度和土壤容重等5项放牧家畜践踏作用的观测指标,用该5个指标构建了2个践踏综合指数,定量了甘肃马鹿冬季季放牧的相对践踏强度,其可信度和可行性较高,定义了放牧践踏强度,根据冬季牧场载畜量和践踏综合指数确定了甘肃马鹿的绝对践踏强度和放牧强度。草地生长季土壤水分随践踏增强而减少,对放牧践踏的敏感性随着生长季推移逐渐降低。0－40cm土层全氮和速效氮含量,以及0－20cm土层速效磷,全盐和有机质含量,随践踏强度增加而减少,0－20cm土层全磷呈逐渐增多趋势,0－40cm土层水分和速效氮含量对践踏的敏感性随土层加深而上升,0－30cm土层全氮含量对家畜践踏的敏感性高于0－10cm土层,0－10cm土层速效磷含量对践踏的敏感性高于10－20cm土层。土壤子系统对放牧践踏作用的耐受性表现为土壤理化性状之间相互关系的稳定性,冬季牧场践踏强度梯度上,土壤质量综合指数的变化存在拐点,对应着草地从稍形过牧到明显过牧和短花针茅在群落中的次优势种地位。     

黑龙江省老爷岭南部穆棱林区马鹿种群分布数量及生境适宜性评价

开展野生动物种群分布数量和生境适宜性评价研究是制定物种科学保护决策的基础和关键。以东北马鹿(Cervus canadensis xanthopygus)为研究对象,于2015—2020年在黑龙江省老爷岭南部穆棱林区,采用大样方调查方法收集马鹿在雪地留下的足迹信息分析马鹿种群数量;通过相机监测、足迹链跟踪和大样方调查3种方法综合收集马鹿活动点信息,利用最大熵(MaxEnt)建模分析马鹿生境适宜性。马鹿种群分布数量研究结果表明,穆棱林区马鹿种群密度为(0.0645±0.009)只/km~2,种群数量为47—61只,主要分布在研究地区南部的和平、龙爪沟和共和林场。生境分析结果表明：人为干扰因子中,居民区对MaxEnt模型的贡献率为44%,马鹿主要在距居民区距离约5 km和10—15 km的区域活动,在偏僻的林间小道和乡村道路马鹿生境适宜性较高,其对模型贡献率分别为16.8%和10.2%;植被因子中,在距常绿针叶林和针阔混交林距离4 km范围内,随距离增加马鹿生境适宜性逐渐降低。生境适宜性分析结果表明,研究地区马鹿适宜生境和次适宜生境面积为87.09 km~2,仅占研究区域的10.39%,主要...     

鹿茸血制备ACE抑制肽的酶解条件优化

以天山马鹿的鹿茸血为原料,通过体外检测方法检测不同酶及酶解条件下的产物的ACE抑制肽活性及抗氧化活性。结果表明,以A lcalase碱性蛋白酶水解,底物浓度6%、加酶量40μl/g蛋白、pH 8.0、温度55℃的条件下,酶解3 h,水解度为28.0%,酶解产物的血管紧张素转化酶(angiotensin converting enzym e,ACE)抑制活性可达93.55%,与抗氧化活性呈正相关关系。     

黑龙江省完达山东部林区马鹿种群遗传多样性的微卫星分析

黑龙江省完达山东部林区是东北马鹿(Cervus elaphus xanthopygus)种群密度较高的分布区之一,本文对2年冬季采集的167份马鹿粪便进行了7个微卫星座位的个体识别,评价了马鹿种群遗传多样性,并分析近期马鹿数量的急剧下降对种群遗传结构的影响。结果表明:167份粪便DNA分属66只个体;种群平均等位基因数9.00±2.77;平均有效等位基因数3.97±0.99;平均多态信息含量0.69±0.09;平均期望杂合度0.74±0.08;平均观察杂合度0.69±0.08。整个种群显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡,但种群固定系数Fis为0.060,没有显著偏离零。可见,完达山东部林区马鹿种群遗传多样性较高,数量的急剧下降近期还没有表现在种群遗传结构上。     

基于生境可获得性的完达山地区马鹿(Cervus elaphus xanthopygus)冬季生境选择

于2004～2005年冬季研究了完达山地区马鹿的生境利用和选择。在野外调查的基础上,获取了研究地区马鹿种群水平上的生境利用数据;利用地理信息系统和遥感技术,从区域尺度上测度了各类生境因子的可获得性。通过比较被利用生境与可获得生境,测度了马鹿冬季对各类生境或生态因子的选择。结果表明,马鹿对植被类型、海拔、坡向、NDVI等级、到公路距离表现出非比例利用,对坡度的利用与其可获得性则没有显著性差异。马鹿选择采伐迹地,低郁闭度生境（第2、3NDVI等级）,200～300m海拔区间,南坡,距离公路600～700m的区间。马鹿采食生境和卧息生境对各类因子具有不同的选择性,表现出不同功能生境分离的特征。对于采食生境,马鹿选择采伐迹地、阔叶疏林,低郁闭度（第2、3NDVI等级）,南坡;对于卧息生境,马鹿仅选择采伐迹地,低郁闭度（第2、3、4NDVI等级）。根据马鹿活动样点的出现与否,建立了马鹿冬季生境选择的逻辑斯谛回归模型。模型回判结果表明,该模型对马鹿活动样方与对照样方的总体正确预测率为74．4％,对马鹿活动样方的正确预测率为84．2％,对对照样方的正确预测率为62．4％,能够较好的预测生境利用概率。     

Forage quality and patch choice by wapiti (Cervus elaphus)

Recent models suggest that herbivores might optimize energygain by selecting patches of intermediate vegetation biomass.We tested this hypothesis in wapiti (Cervus elaphus) by estimatingdaily rates of energy gain in relation to grass biomass andby measuring patch choice in experimental pastures in whichgrass biomass was manipulated by mowing. The digestible energycontent of grasses declined with increasing biomass due to maturationalchanges in fiber and lignin content. Daily rates of dry matterintake by wapiti increased with grass biomass at a deceleratingrate, implying a Type II functional response. Linking thesevalues to published ad libitum energy intake and energy expenditureparameters, Fryxell's (1991) model predicted that the dailyrate of energy gain should be highest when wapiti feed in grasslandswith 1000–1100 kg/ha. In trials in which grass biomasswithin a mosaic of patches was manipulated experimentally between800–2900 kg/ha, wapiti preferred patches of 1200 kg/ha,close to the value predicted by the energy gain model. Our resultssuggest that the rate of energy gain by wapiti is constrainedby both grass biomass and grass fiber content, the latter ofwhich varies inversely with grass biomass. Behavioral preferencefor grass patches of intermediate biomass and fiber contentcould help explain patterns of aggregation and seasonal migrationreported previously for wapiti.