乌鲁木齐市道路林带土壤抗重金属细菌的筛选及重金属去除能力

【背景】道路重金属污染问题日益严峻,寻找高效的微生物资源用于环境修复已迫在眉睫。【目的】从乌鲁木齐市道路林带土壤中筛选抗重金属菌株,并对其重金属去除能力进行探究。【方法】使用含5种重金属离子(铅、镉、锌、铜、镍)的4种培养基进行抗性菌株筛选,通过形态学特征和16S rRNA基因序列进行鉴定,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer,ICP-OES)检测分离株对重金属离子的去除情况。【结果】4种分离培养基中,TSA是抗重金属菌株筛选的最适培养基,共筛选出16株抗重金属菌,其中4株抗Pb菌、4株抗Cd菌、4株抗Zn菌、3株抗Cu菌和1株抗Ni菌,其抗性分别高达3 000、800、600、300和400mg/L,16株菌中以芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)数量最多。在初始浓度为700mg/L Pb²⁺下,菌株Pb6的去除率高达92.48%,菌株Pb11、Pb3和Pb9的去除率分别为27.70%、40.37%和58.88%;在200mg/L Cd²⁺...     

高速公路弃土场堆积边坡的生态防护试验

高速公路弃土场边坡的生态恢复与水土保持是公路建设环境保护的重要内容.在京珠高速公路粤境南段3号弃土场开展试验,探讨弃土场堆积边坡的生态防护技术及其应用效果.结果表明:弃土场采用香根草(Vetiveria zizaniodes)生态护坡技术,香根草在无养护措施的情况下能够快速生长形成密集草带,并具先锋植物的优势,1年后坡面植被覆盖率达100%,乡土植物种类增加到16种以上;而对照坡面植被自然恢复缓慢,仅生长少量本地杂草,植被覆盖率只有15%.香根草护坡效果显著,坡面土壤流失量比对照小区减少95.41%,边坡稳定,在一定程度上可代替浆砌片石骨架植草护坡措施.因此,高速公路弃土场边坡可大力推广应用香根草生态护坡技术.     

层次分析法在粤北高速公路沿线绿化树种选择中的运用

以广东省仁化至博罗高速公路(仁化至新丰段路)为例,通过对该路段沿线乡土植物调查,运用层次分析法(AHP)对388种乡土植物的环境适应性、培植特性、功能特性和经济效应进行评价和综合分析。结果表明,在一级指标中,环境适应性权重最大(0.5476);其次是功能特性(0.2051)。在选取的14个二级指标中, 耐贫瘠权重最大(0.1642),耐旱能力和耐寒性的权重相对也比较大,分别为0.1533、0.0916。根据AHP模型,对所调查的388种乡土植物进行评价,其中评分80分以上适宜高速公路绿化的有64种。结合观赏性、耐寒性评价和市场苗木供应情况最终筛选出20种乡土植物作为仁新高速沿线绿化的建议树种。     

基于RS/GIS公路路域水土流失动态变化的研究——以榆靖高速公路为例

基于RS数据源,利用ERDAS和ArcGIS软件技术,对榆靖高速公路两侧300m范围水土流失动态变化开展研究。通过遥感图像数字处理方法,提取对水土流失起主导作用的植被覆盖度、土地利用类型、沟谷密度等因子;在矢量化等高线数据的基础上生成数字高程模型(DEM),提取地形坡度因子,将这4个因子在GIS中进行空间叠加分析。参照《土壤侵蚀分级标准》,生成研究区不同时段水土流失强度等级图,利用GIS属性统计功能对公路沿线各等级水土流失区面积进行统计,参照研究区不同侵蚀类型的土壤侵蚀模数,得出1996年和2006年公路沿线各流失区的水土流失量,并对公路沿线水土流失动态变化进行分析。结果表明：榆靖高速公路修建后沿线600m范围水土流失总量减少19.26万t/a,水土流失呈减弱趋势。公路施工期导致水土流失增强的各种因素随着营运期固化路面的形成而逐渐消失,防沙固沙和生态恢复等措施有效改善了公路路域生态环境,对公路沿线水土流失防治起到了积极作用。     

福建福诏高速公路景观绿化植物种类调查

对福建福诏高速公路景观绿化24个样点的植物种类进行调查。结果表明,本段景观绿化植物种类有92种(乔木32种,灌木地被49种,竹类3种,藤本4种,草皮4种),分属39科;主要由观花植物(35%),观叶造型植物(25%)和棕榈植物(25%)组成,具有显著的热带、亚热带风光景观效果。     

Evaluation of different soil and water conservation measures suitable for expressway construction in arid areas in northwest China

Abstract

In order to determine the most efficient soil and water conservation measure for different engineering units, the volume weight of soil (VWS), soil water content (SWC), soil porosity, soil erosion resistance (SER), anti-scour coefficients (ASC), and vegetation coverage of 12 protective measures and four unprotected measures were investigated. In addition, 16 water conservation measures were evaluated using the gray correlation method. Our results suggest that SWC, SER, ASC, and vegetation coverage of a square grid area were higher than those of other measures on the filling slope (p < 0.05). However, in the excavated slope, SWC, SER, ASC, and vegetation coverage of the unprotected measures area were higher than those in the protected measures (p < 0.05). Our results also indicate that the gray comprehensive evaluation value of arch framework measures in the fill slope and unprotected natural recovery measures of the excavated side slope were significantly greater than those of other measures (p < 0.05). This finding indicates that the effect of soil and water conservation on these measures were better than others. Our findings provide an indication for the implementation of soil and water conservation measures for expressways situated in arid areas in China.     

泉三高速公路动物通道选址研究——以云豹为例

随着高速路网不断扩大和加密,动物适宜的生存空间也不断被阻隔。动物通道作为缓解高速公路负面影响的重要手段,通道位置是其发挥效用的关键。以泉三高速公路为对象,以云豹(Neofelis nebulosa)为目标物种,构建了生境评价指标体系并采用专家咨询法确定相对权重,利用GIS对其生境适宜性进行了评价。在此基础上结合水文分析,以水流方向类比动物倾向活动路线,由此确定获得云豹的3处理想高速公路通道位置。研究结果表明,该方法能有效地模拟并确定动物运动的轨迹,可为建立合适的动物通道、有效缓解公路的阻隔效应提供重要的参考价值。     

Is reproductive strategy a key factor in understanding the evolutionary history of Southern Ocean Asteroidea (Echinodermata)?

Life traits such as reproductive strategy can be determining factors of species evolutionary history and explain the resulting diversity patterns. This can be investigated using phylogeographic analyses of genetic units. In this work, the genetic structure of five asteroid genera with contrasting reproductive strategies (brooding: Diplasterias, Notasterias and Lysasterias versus broadcasting: Psilaster and Bathybiaster) was investigated in the Southern Ocean. Over 1,400 mtDNA cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences were analysed using five species delineation methods (ABGD, ASAP, mPTP, sGMYC and mGMYC), two phylogenetic reconstructions (ML and BA), and molecular clock calibrations, in order to examine the weight of reproductive strategy in the observed differences among phylogeographic patterns. We hypothesised that brooding species would show higher levels of genetic diversity and species richness along with a clearer geographic structuring than broadcasting species. In contrast, genetic diversity and species richness were not found to be significantly different between brooders and broadcasters, but broadcasters are less spatially structured than brooders supporting our initial hypothesis and suggesting more complex evolutionary histories associated to this reproductive strategy. Broadcasters' phylogeography can be explained by different scenarios including deep‐sea colonisation routes, bipolarity or cosmopolitanism, and sub‐Antarctic emergence for the genus Bathybiaster; Antarctic‐ New Zealand faunal exchanges across the Polar Front for the genus Psilaster. Brooders' phylogeography could support the previously formulated hypothesis of a past trans‐Antarctic seaway established between the Ross and the Weddell seas during the Plio‐Pleistocene. Our results also show, for the first time, that the Weddell Sea is populated by a mixed asteroid fauna originating from both the East and West Antarctic.