Phenological models of development in Pandemis heparana and Adoxophyes orana for timing the application of Insect Growth Regulators with juvenile-hormone activity

Control of leafrollers using Insect Growth Regulators with juvenile-hormone acitivity (IGR) is a major issue in research on Integrated Pest Management in apple orchards. The IGR is applied at the time of emergence of the last-larval instar of leafrollers, thus causing a disturbance of metamorphosis.Simulation models on the development of Pandemis heparana (Denn. et Schiff.) and Adoxophyes orana (F.v.R.) were developed, partly on the basis of experiments, partly on data from literature, to predict the time of emergence of the various stages, particularly of the last-larval instar and the pupa. The models use the state-variable approach, and include only temperature as a driving variable.Simulated curves of emergence of last-instar larvae, pupae and moths corresponded well with observations on field-collected larvae, reared to adult stage in an outdoor insectary. The curves of pheromone trap catches showed a delay relative to the calculated and observed curves for the eclosion of pupae.To investigate whether the time of IGR application could be related to a temperature sum, the relation between emergence curves of last-instar larvae and temperature sums was studied for several years. For this purpose simulated curves were used, because observations on emergence of last-instar covered only a few years.

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Résumé Le contrôle des Tordeuses par les régulateurs de croissance d'Insectes (IGR), à activité d'hormone juvénile, est un progrès majeur dans la recherche pour la lutte intégrée contre les ennemis des vergers de pommiers.L'IGR appliqué lors de l'apparition du dernier stade larvaire des Tordeuses, perturbe ainsi la métamorphose ultérieure. Afin de prévoir le moment d'apparition des différents stades, et plus particulièrement du dernier stade larvaire, des modèles de simulation du développement de Pandemis heparana (Denn. et Schiff.) et Adoxophyes orana (F.v.R.) ont été élaborés à partir d'expériences et en se basant sur des résultats de la littérature.Le modèle est basé sur l'examen de la variable d'état, la température étant la variable discriminante suivie.Les courbes simulées d'apparition des larves de dernier stade, des nymphes et des papillons correspondent aux observations faites sur les larves récoltées dans la nature et élevées jusqu'au stade adulte dans un insectarium en plein air.Le taux de capture dans les pièges à phéromone présente un retard par rapport aux courbes calculées et observées pour l'éclosion des nymphes. Différentes causes peuvent être attribuées à cette différence, mais l'influence d'aucune d'elles n'a été étudiée.Afin de déterminer si le moment de l'application d'IGR peut être lié à une somme de températures, les courbes d'apparition des larves de dernier stade ont été étudiées en relation avec les sommes de températures portant sur plusieurs années. Les observations concernant l'apparition des larves de dernier stade ne couvrant que 2 années, des courbes simulées ont été utilisées à cet effet. L'emploid de la relation liant le moment de l'apparition à la somme des températures permet de n'avoir à calculer que les sommes de températures pour déterminer le moment opportun de l'application des IGR.

     

Topological analysis of the fusion process between cellular and subcellular compartments

The study presents an application of the theory of homeomorphic transformations of topological manifolds and the operation of the connected sum of manifolds for topological analysis of membrane transformations during the fusion process between cellular and subcellular compartments. The biological cell and the subcellular structures in the form of vesicles are modelled by an arrangement of two concentric spheres corresponding to the inner and outer layer of the membrane bounding the vesicles. The analysis shows eight succeeding topological stages of membrane transformations during the fusion process and these stages are characterized. It is concluded that there is a vectorial translocation of lipid molecules from the outer layers of the membranes before the fusion process to the internal layer of the membrane bounding the vesicle after the fusion process and there is no lipid translocation in the reverse direction.     

铁红圆酵母属两个类群的培养特征初步研究

通过超滤膜过滤法,在大连市黑石礁海域２５００米以内,分离到白色与铁红圆酵母两类海洋酵母。铁红圆酵母分属于Ｔｏｒｕｌｏｐｓｉｓｐｕｌｃｅｒｒｉｍａ类群和Ｔｏｒｕｌｏｐｓｉｓｃａｎｄｉｄａ类群。葡萄糖——蛋白胨——酵母膏液体培养基静止培养条件下,Ｔ．ｐｕｌｃｅｒｒｉｍａ类群培养五天半,活酵母数量达到第一次高峰,为１．２×１０￣８／ｍｌ,大约在八天半之后,达到最高数量,为２．０×１０８／ｍｌ。Ｔ．ｃａｎｄｉｄａ类群,培养大约二天半后,酵母数量达到第一次高峰,为１．８×１０￣７／ｍｌ,培养大约十天半,活细胞数达到最高峰,为１．２×１０￣（－８）／ｍｌ。由于铁红园酵母具有易培性,耐不良环境能力强的优点,作为未来水产养殖业幼体饵料微生物具有广泛地应用前景。     

Topological model of the division process of cellular and subcellular compartments

The application of the theory of homeomorphic transformations of topological manifolds and the operation of the connected sum of manifolds for a formation of a topological model of membrane transformations during the division process of cellular and subcellular compartments, has been shown. The biological cell and the subcellular structures in the form of vesicles are modelled by an arrangement of two concentric spheres corresponding to the inner and outer layer of the membrane bounding the vesicle. The analysis shows eight succeeding topological stages of membrane transformations during the division process and these stages are characterised. It is concluded that there is a vectorial translocation of lipid molecules from the inner layer of the membrane bounding the vesicle before the division process to the outer layer of the membranes after the division process and there is no lipid translocation from the outer layer to the inner layers during the division process.     

Graphical comparison of resemblance measures in phytosociology

A simple graphical method, COREM, is described for the comparison of quantitative resemblance measures. The basis of the method is the ordered comparison case series (OCCAS) composed of relevé pairs ranked in decreasing order of similarity. For a given OCCAS, values of given resemblance functions are calculated and plotted in COREM.Delta resemblance (DR) is defined as the rate of change between two neighbouring relevé pairs in the OCCAS. High mean delta resemblance (% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqaqpepeea0xe9qqVa0l% b9peea0lb9sq-JfrVkFHe9peea0dXdarVe0Fb9pgea0xa9pue9Fve9% Ffc8meGabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaqdaaqaaGqaai% aa-reacaWFsbaaaaaa!392E!\[\overline DR \]) of a resemblance measure indicates a high power of resolution and small standard deviation (SDDR) is indicative of linearity. A measure of efficiency combines % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqaqpepeea0xe9qqVa0l% b9peea0lb9sq-JfrVkFHe9peea0dXdarVe0Fb9pgea0xa9pue9Fve9% Ffc8meGabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaqdaaqaaGqaai% aa-reacaWFsbaaaaaa!392E!\[\overline DR \] and SDDR in the coefficient of variation for delta resemblance (CVDR). An efficient measure shows balanced sensitivity to the common and differential species. With the method COREM locally optimal resemblance measures may be selected for any given set of relevés which produce the sharpest separation of clusters. A reasonable compromise is to use types of measures, such as the similarity ratio (SIM6), Czekanowski coefficient (SIM8), or floristic similarity (SIM9), which have the best chance of being successful in most relevé sets. A study of transformation functions on Braun-Blanquet values with the help of COREM demonstrates that the combined transformation is the most advantageous for clustering. It is shown that standardization by relevés, or conversion to unit sum has undesirable effects.During the preparation of this paper the author was a recipient of a Postgraduate Scholarship, Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdients, Dortmund, KFA Abteilung Algenforschung, Germany. The author would like to thank L. Orlóci, P. Juhász-Nagy and E. van der Maarel for valuable suggestions, and comments.     

Delayed egg production and a possible group effect in the blowfly Calliphora vicina

Abstract .Protein-fed Calliphora vicina , F₁ offspring of wild flies in two cages with lower and higher fly densities showed variable delay in starting oocyte vitellogenesis at ambient semi-natural temperatures in warm July–August weather in 1996 and 1997 at Durham in northern England (54°45' N). The high-density flies in 1996 showed no delay, in that the thermal sum (degree-days) experienced was 133, comparable to 18°C constant, assuming the lower threshold for egg maturation to be 5°C. Low-density cages and flies in a large outdoor cage (2 m³) in both years showed delays in production of first eggs of 34 days (thermal sum 293 degree-days) in 1996 and 32 days (396 degree-days) in 1997, and longer delays for other individuals. Delays in egg production at low densities relative to high densities seem to be a group effect of unknown mechanism.     

Understanding Molecular Structures of Buried Interfaces in Halide Perovskite Photovoltaic Devices Nondestructively with Sub‐Monolayer Sensitivity Using Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy

As performance of halide perovskite devices progresses, the device structure becomes more complex with more layers. Molecular interfacial structures between different layers play an increasingly important role in determining the overall performance in a halide perovskite device. However, current understanding of such interfacial structures at a molecular level nondestructively is limited, partially due to a lack of appropriate analytical tools to probe buried interfacial molecular structures in situ. Here, sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy, a state‐of‐the‐art nonlinear interface sensitive spectroscopy, is introduced to the halide perovskite research community and is presented as a powerful tool to understand molecule behavior at buried halide perovskite interfaces in situ. It is found that interfacial molecular orientations revealed by SFG can be directly correlated to halide perovskite device performance. Here how SFG can examine molecular structures (e.g., orientations) at the perovskite/hole transporting layer and perovskite/electron transporting layer interfaces is discussed. This will promote the use of SFG to investigate molecular structures of buried interfaces in various halide perovskite materials and devices in situ nondestructively with a sub‐monolayer interface sensitivity. Such research will help to elucidate structure–function relationships of buried interfaces, aiding in the rational design/development of halide perovskite materials/devices with improved performance.