Spatial genetic structure in two congeneric epiphytes with different dispersal strategies analysed by three different methods

Three different approaches were used to assess the kinship structure of two epiphytic bryophytes, Orthotrichum speciosum and O. obtusifolium, that have different dispersal strategies. The two species were sampled in a 200 ha landscape where species occurrence and host trees had been mapped previously. Local environmental conditions at sampled trees were recorded and kinship between individuals was calculated based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)-marker data. We did not detect any association between AFLP-markers and investigated environmental conditions. In both species, significant kinship coefficients were found between individuals up to 300-350 m apart which shows that both species have a restricted dispersal range. The spatial kinship structure was detected with both autocorrelation analysis and generalized additive models (GAMs), but linear regression failed to detect any structure in O. speciosum. Although the dioecious O. obtusifolium is currently the more common species it may, none the less, due to its restricted dispersal range and reproduction mode, become threatened in the future by current silvicultural practices which enhance the distance between host trees and decrease their life span. Finally, GAMs seem most appropriate for analysing spatial genetic structure because the effects of local environmental conditions and spatial structure can be analysed simultaneously, no assumption of a parametric form between kinship coefficient and distance is required, and spatial data resolution is not lost in the arbitrary choice of distance classes characterizing autocorrelation analysis.     

不同浓度IBA、NAA对紫萼龙吐珠扦插生根的影响

以紫萼龙吐珠Clerodendrum speciosum为试材,采用单因素完全随机设计,研究不同浓度IBA、NAA混合溶液对紫萼龙吐珠扦插生根的影响。结果表明,当NAA为50 mg·L-1,IBA为150或200 mg·L-1时,紫萼龙吐珠插穗成活率和生根率最高,可达100%;根系数量、根长最大值分别是对照组的9.4倍和4.9倍;当NAA、IBA分别为50、150 mg·L-1时,根系效果指数在9、11月均较高,最高可达6.42。运用隶属函数法对9、11月扦插各处理组合的生根效果进行综合评价,认为NAA 50 mg·L-1、IBA 150或200 mg·L-1混合溶液处理紫萼龙吐珠插条均最有利于生根,可得到较高的生根质量。     

Adventitious Bud Formation from Bulb-scale Explants of Lilium speciosum Thunb. in vitro Effects of aminoethoxyvinyl-glycine, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid,and ethylene

Several representatives of marine brown macroalgae (Phaeophyceae) including Fucus serratus L., Fucus spiralis L. and Fucus vesiculosus L. as well as Laminaria digitata (Huds.) Lamour., Laminaria hyperborea (Gunn.) Foslie and Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamour. were investigated with particular regard to features of biosynthesis of the storage product mannitol. The respective catalytic system involved in the last step of mannitol formation, mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase, appears to be a cytoplasmic enzyme as may be judged from the degree of correlation with the chloroplast key enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase in different tissues of Laminaria digitata and Laminaria saccharina. Activity of mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase in vitro is not affected by mannitol-l-phosphate or free mannitol, suggesting that mannitol biosynthesis in vivo) is mainly controlled by the environment and/or developmental stage. Certain inorganic ions such as NO₃^- (including K⁺) exert a strong influence on the activity of mannitol1-phosphate dehydrogenase thus suggesting that the intracellular pools of stored NO₃^- and mannitol are confined to spatially separated cellular compartments.     

几种观赏花卉的组织培养

自1982年来,我园用组织培养的方法对君子兰、五星花、重瓣矮牵牛、贴梗海棠、药百合等观赏花卉进行了实验,均取得了成功,其中部份试管苗移栽土壤成功,并已开花。下面将实验结果小结如下: 1.君子兰Clivia nobilis     

Adaptations to extreme low light in the fern Trichomanes speciosum

Trichomanes speciosum is a threatened species restricted to sheltered, very humid sites. Uniquely amongst European ferns, differing ecological tolerances of the gametophyte and sporophyte generations are manifested as widely differing distributions. The perennial, vegetatively propagating gametophyte persists in drier, colder, darker habitats than the sporophyte. In sites where the gametophyte grows, light availability was found to be < 1 μmol m² s¹ for approx. 85% of daylight hours, rarely or (in some sites) never rising above 10 μmol m² s¹. Much of the time, light was < 0.01% of full sunlight. Measurements of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence yield show that these plants have optimal photosynthesis at light intensities c . 5–10 μmol m² s¹, the highest light to which they are normally exposed to in their natural environment. The absence of any capacity for reversible nonphotochemical fluorescence quenching means that there is little or no protection of the photosynthetic apparatus from light-induced damage. We conclude that these plants are able to create what are essentially monocultures in their extreme environments only because of a combination of low metabolic rate (at low temperatures) and an ability to make efficient use of what little light is available to them by morphological and physiological means.     

Molecular,morphological, and ecological differences between the terrestrial and aquatic forms of Oxyrrhynchium speciosum (Brid.) Warnst. (Brachytheciaceae)

Oxyrrhynchium speciosum (Brid.) Warnst. is a relatively uncommon moss that can be found in wetland habitats across Europe and New Zealand. In this paper, we address the morphological, molecular and ecological relationships between the aquatic form of O. speciosum discovered in a deep, Chara-dominated lake (Budzis?awskie, NW Poland) and its terrestrial relatives. Morphological assessments revealed a considerable difference between terretrial and deep-water samples of O.speciosum. The aquatic form of O. speciosum was, on average, 12 times larger, with more branched stems (4–30 times) and longer leaves (1–2 times).

Investigation of ITS1-5·8S-ITS2-26S region sequences, however, revealed no distinction between the terrestrial and aquatic forms. An analysis of the ecological data suggests that the presence of O. speciosum in deep lake habitats is not incidental (as with many land species developing in aquatic environments). On the contrary, aquatic forms have a distinct ecological niche. Our results confirm that both forms of O. speciosum are closely related to O. hians (Hedw.) Loeske (a terrestrial species). The data indicate that O. speciosum is nested within a well-supported O. hians clade and separation of these species may be connected with polyploidization that occurred during their evolution.     

A review of progress towards the conservation of the Killarney Fern (Trichomanes speciosum Willd.) in the British Isles

Summary

The Killarney Fern (Trichomanes speciosum) was considered amongst the rarest and most vulnerable of Europe's plants. Research which fed into the Biodiversity Action Plan and developed alongside it, has forced us to reconsider the level of threat to this species. A hitherto overlooked stage of the life-cycle, the gametophyte, has been shown to be comparatively abundant, genetically diverse, largely threat-free and with the potential over time to regenerate the familiar sporophyte stage. This research also promoted wider public interest which itself generated additional records, such that even the sporophyte is now known at more British sites than at any time previously and the species is accordingly considered ‘recovered’. However, continued legal protection and the need for further research are still recommended.