核糖体相关质量控制与核糖体自噬研究进展

细胞中蛋白质处于不断合成和降解的动态更新过程中,其稳态与细胞功能密切相关。细胞中存在多种蛋白质质量控制（protein quality control,PQC）机制来监测蛋白质合成和降解过程的异常,以确保蛋白质组的完整性和细胞适应性。核糖体是细胞内数量最多的细胞器,系细胞内蛋白质合成的主要场所。现已明确,核糖体相关质量控制（ribosome-associated quality control,RQC）与核糖体自噬能通过溶酶体依赖和非依赖途径调节细胞内核糖体数量及功能以维持蛋白质稳态,从而增强细胞在应激状态下的适应能力。RQC失调、核糖体自噬障碍则参与多种疾病的发生及发展过程,靶向RQC和核糖体自噬可能成为防治多种疾病的有效手段。本综述聚焦核糖体相关的PQC途径,并进一步讨论了它们在蛋白质稳态维持中的重要地位及其在人类疾病发生发展中的潜在作用。     

The Human RNA-Binding Proteome and Its Dynamics during Translational Arrest

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Cdc48 and Ufd3, new partners of the ubiquitin protease Ubp3, are required for ribophagy

Ubiquitin‐dependent processes can be antagonized by substrate‐specific deubiquitination enzymes involved in many cellular functions. In this study, we show that the yeast Ubp3–Bre5 deubiquitination complex interacts with both the chaperone‐like Cdc48, a major actor of the ubiquitin and proteasome system, and Ufd3, a ubiquitin‐binding cofactor of Cdc48. We observed that these partners are required for the Ubp3–Bre5‐dependent and starvation‐induced selective degradation of yeast mature ribosomes, also called ribophagy. By contrast, proteasome‐dependent degradation does not participate in this process. Our data favour the idea that these factors cooperate to recognize and deubiquitinate specific substrates of ribophagy before their vacuolar degradation.     

The G3BP1-Family-USP10 Deubiquitinase Complex Rescues Ubiquitinated 40S Subunits of Ribosomes Stalled in Translation from Lysosomal Degradation

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Rim15 and Sch9 kinases are involved in induction of autophagic degradation of ribosomes in budding yeast

Autophagic degradation of ribosomes is promoted by nutrient starvation and inactivation of target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1). Here we show that selective autophagic degradation of ribosomes (called ribophagy) after TORC1 inactivation requires the specific autophagy receptor Atg11. Rim15 protein kinase upregulated ribophagy, while it downregulated non-selective degradation of ribosomes.     

Emerging connections between RNA and autophagy

Macroautophagy/autophagy is a key catabolic process, essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and survival through the removal and recycling of unwanted cellular material. Emerging evidence has revealed intricate connections between the RNA and autophagy research fields. While a majority of studies have focused on protein, lipid and carbohydrate catabolism via autophagy, accumulating data supports the view that several types of RNA and associated ribonucleoprotein complexes are specifically recruited to phagophores (precursors to autophagosomes) and subsequently degraded in the lysosome/vacuole. Moreover, recent studies have revealed a substantial number of novel autophagy regulators with RNA-related functions, indicating roles for RNA and associated proteins not only as cargo, but also as regulators of this process. In this review, we discuss widespread evidence of RNA catabolism via autophagy in yeast, plants and animals, reviewing the molecular mechanisms and biological importance in normal physiology, stress and disease. In addition, we explore emerging evidence of core autophagy regulation mediated by RNA-binding proteins and noncoding RNAs, and point to gaps in our current knowledge of the connection between RNA and autophagy. Finally, we discuss the pathological implications of RNA-protein aggregation, primarily in the context of neurodegenerative disease.     

Deubiquitinase Ubp3 regulates ribophagy and deubiquitinates Smo1 for appressorium-mediated infection by Magnaporthe oryzae

The Ubp family of deubiquitinating enzymes has been found to play important roles in plant-pathogenic fungi, but their regulatory mechanisms are still largely unknown. In this study, we revealed the regulatory mechanism of the deubiquitinating enzyme Ubp3 during the infection process of Magnaporthe oryzae. AUBP3 deletion mutant was severely defective in appressorium turgor accumulation, leading to the impairment of appressorial penetration. During appressorium formation, the mutant was also defective in glycogen and lipid metabolism. Interestingly, we found that nitrogen starvation and rapamycin treatment induced the ribophagy process in M. oryzae, which is closely dependent on Ubp3. In the ∆ubp3 mutant, the ribosome proteins and rRNAs were not well degraded on nitrogen starvation and rapamycin treatment. We also found that Ubp3 interacted with the GTPase-activating protein Smo1 and regulated its de-ubiquitination. Ubp3-dependent de-ubiquitination of Smo1 may be required for Smo1 to coordinate Ras signalling. Taken together, our results showed at least two roles of Ubp3 in M. oryzae: it regulates the ribophagy process and it regulates de-ubiquitination of GTPase-activating protein Smo1 for appressorium-mediated infection.