Factors involved in the degradation of mangrove forests in Iran: A mixed study for the management of this ecosystem

In Iran, mangroves are located in the south of the country, where they fulfill essential ecosystem functions, but some parts of them have been destroyed for various reasons in recent years so that it seems necessary to have a management plan consistent with the conservation of this ecosystem. But, it needs knowledge of the trend of and reasons for the degradation of these forests. So, the primary idea of this research was to discover the factors involved in the degradation of these forests and how to manage them. So, the research first used the remote sensing technique to determine the rate of their degradation over the last 20 years. Then, using the Delphi technique, 45 factors were identified for the degradation of these forests and they were classified into five categories including climatic and environmental, anthropogenic, socioeconomic, psychological, and policymaking and legal. Finally, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to rank these factors within two management paradigms of remediability and preventability so that the ecosystem can be soundly managed by classifying these factors. Overall, the results can provide policymakers with new insights into forest management and the policies presented here can contribute to the sustainability of this ecosystem.     

旅游与生计可视化分析

旅游发展对当地居民的生计具有重要影响,旅游与生计研究业已成为学术界关注的热点领域。以Web of science核心库中1994—2016年间收录相关主题的文献为基础,利用可视化软件Cite Space和Carrot2对旅游与生计研究的前沿热点、知识基础和合作网络进行分析。研究发现,旅游与生计研究涉及多个学科,主要集中在生态、环境、管理和地理等学科领域;"乡村旅游"、"保护区旅游"、"文化旅游"、"海洋旅游"等是旅游与生计研究的热点议题;旅游与生计研究的知识基础主要包括"保护区管治"、"成本效益分析"、"乡村旅游"、"乡村发展"等研究领域。     

基于参与式方法的农牧户生计现状评估——以内蒙古太仆寺旗为例

运用参与式方法调查了内蒙古农牧交错区太仆寺旗不同类型农牧户的生计现状,分析了不同类型农牧户的生计策略、制约因素和提高途径.结果表明:纯农型家庭规模小,年龄结构偏大,整体文化水平低,生计策略单一,脆弱性和风险较大,引入非农生产活动是降低生计风险和提高生活水平的重要途径;纯牧型家庭以放牧为主要谋生方式,草场脆弱性对其生产活动影响很大,发展环境友好型高产农牧业是解决生计问题和环境问题的有效途径;农业兼业型和牧业兼业型家庭规模大,年龄结构轻,劳动力分工多样化,从事非农活动的比例较大,生活水平较好,尤以牧业兼业型家庭收入更高.     

生态补偿对大熊猫栖息地周边农户生态足迹的影响

大熊猫栖息地正面临破碎化和人类活动干扰的威胁,如何减少这些威胁成为保护大熊猫这一生态旗舰物种的关键.通过实施生态补偿项目,充分考虑当地弱势群体生存和发展的权利,帮助其进行生计替代和能源替代,以减小生态系统所承受的压力.以120个项目农户作为研究对象,利用生态足迹方法,探讨了生态补偿项目对生活在关键生态区域内农村人口的影响.结果表明,在各种生态生产性土地中,农户对林地和草地生态占用最大,能源替代可以大幅降低农户的薪柴消耗水平,从而降低农户对林地的生态占用.通过调整农户的牲畜养殖模式,减小了放牧对草地资源的压力和对草地的生态占用.农户人均生态足迹由2005年的2.7346hm2减小至2007年的1.6325 hm2,对周边环境的压力降低,有利于保护和恢复珍稀野生动植物栖息地.     

海洋保护地社区多元化生计与生态系统服务的依赖关系

海洋保护地在主要承担典型海洋生态系统、珍稀濒危物种、重要自然资源自然遗迹和人文资源有效保护的同时,兼具生态功能维持、资源可持续利用与社区经济持续发展等多重任务,普遍面临着生态保护与社区生计发展间的依赖-冲突关系,探究社区生计与生态系统服务间的依赖关系,对实现海洋保护地与社区协调发展具有重要意义。基于山东长岛海洋保护地的415户社区居民的调研数据,运用可持续生计分析框架和生态系统服务依赖度模型,分析社区居民的生计资本和生态系统服务依赖度(IDES) 的特征,进一步结合多元回归模型探究生计资本对 IDES 的影响。结果表明:(1)社区居民生计资本得分呈现出由渔业主导型向务工主导型、旅游主导型、渔业兼业型递增的总趋势,且不同类型社区居民的生计资本结构具有较大差异;(2)渔业兼业型和旅游主导型社区居民从生态系统获取的收益显著高于其它居民,IDES总指数由大到小排序依次为渔业主导型、旅游主导型、渔业兼业型、务工主导型,且渔业主导型生计的供给服务依赖度显著高于其他类型,文化服务依赖度最低;(3)生计资本对不同类型居民的供给、文化服务依赖度的影响存在差异,海上养殖规模、渔业作业范围、接受政府技能培训次数、生态补偿政策、社会组织参与程度、旅游扶持政策惠及程度等指标是平衡居民生态系统服务依赖结构的关键。基于此,从不同类型居民以及当地政府多个角度提出提高长岛海洋保护地社区居民生计资本水平,优化生态系统服务依赖结构的建议,以期为实现海洋保护地与社区的协调发展提供参考借鉴。     

重点生态功能区农户的生计风险多维感知及影响因素——以甘南黄河水源补给区为例

重点生态功能区承担着保护与修复生态环境、提供生态产品的重要任务,农户作为该区最重要的生态保护主体,面临着多重风险的冲击,其对生计风险的多维感知不仅会影响其生产行为决策,更关系到重点生态功能区主体功能的发挥,因此,急需准确地了解农户的生计风险多维感知及影响因素,为制定有效的生计风险防范体系提供借鉴。以甘南黄河水源补给区为例,基于多维度生计风险感知测量框架,利用入户调查数据,分析了农户的生计风险感知,并采用经济计量模型分析了影响农户生计风险感知的关键因素。结果表明:①甘南黄河水源补给区农户面临的主要生计风险为家庭发展需求风险、健康风险、社会风险,且重点保护区农户面临环境风险、家庭发展需求风险、政策风险的比例均显著高于恢复治理区和经济示范区农户。②农户对家庭发展需求风险的熟悉性、自愿性、持续性感知均最高,对健康风险的恐慌性、严重性及可能性感知均最高,对社会风险的可控性感知最高。其中,重点保护区农户对政策、市场及健康风险的可控性感知均高于其他区域。③人力资本对可能性感知、严重性感知、恐慌性感知、熟悉性感知产生了显著影响;物质资本对自愿性感知产生了显著影响。最后,提出了农户防范生计风险的对策建议...     

It is getting hotter in here: determining and projecting the impacts of global environmental change on drylands

Drylands occupy large portions of the Earth, and are a key terrestrial biome from the socio-ecological point of view. In spite of their extent and importance, the impacts of global environmental change on them remain poorly understood. In this introduction, we review some of the main expected impacts of global change in drylands, quantify research efforts on the topic, and highlight how the articles included in this theme issue contribute to fill current gaps in our knowledge. Our literature analyses identify key under-studied areas that need more research (e.g. countries such as Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Chad and Somalia, and deserts such as the Thar, Kavir and Taklamakan), and indicate that most global change research carried out to date in drylands has been done on a unidisciplinary basis. The contributions included here use a wide array of organisms (from micro-organisms to humans), spatial scales (from local to global) and topics (from plant demography to poverty alleviation) to examine key issues to the socio-ecological impacts of global change in drylands. These papers highlight the complexities and difficulties associated with the prediction of such impacts. They also identify the increased use of long-term experiments and multidisciplinary approaches as priority areas for future dryland research. Major advances in our ability to predict and understand global change impacts on drylands can be achieved by explicitly considering how the responses of individuals, populations and communities will in turn affect ecosystem services. Future research should explore linkages between these responses and their effects on water and climate, as well as the provisioning of services for human development and well-being.     

不同地貌背景下民族村农户生计脆弱性及其影响因子

基于2014年贫困户实地调查数据,运用集对分析和障碍度模型对宁夏海原县农户生计脆弱性及其胁迫因子进行实证分析.结果表明: 海原县农户生计脆弱性总体较高且呈现地貌和民族差异化,平原区、河谷川地山间洼地农户生计脆弱性低于土石山区、黄土梁区和中山地貌区;回汉混居村农户生计脆弱性高于纯回族与纯汉族村.农户自身必要资产的缺乏和外部地理环境敏感性的胁迫是海原县农户生计脆弱的深层原因.生计结构不合理与生计方式单一导致生计脆弱性长期积累;地理环境的不易改变使扶贫资源的地区可进入性降低.农户生计应对能力的提高需建立明确的村级水权分配制度,实施教育贫困户对口帮扶,加大生计方式多元化转型的成本投入,开发村域连锁综合商品市场.农户生计脆弱性的治理应把“公路村村通”建设放在“村村通工程”更突出的位置,坚持气象防灾和保险企业减灾相结合,开发农业生产保险系统.     

中国居民环境保护意愿的调查分析

调查了不同因素对我国居民环境态度的影响,从国家安全和农户意愿双重角度分析了我国生态环境保护政策的运行状况.结果表明:我国公民的生态环保意识普遍提高,公众的环保意识与经济收入的关系符合环境经济库兹涅茨(Kuznets)曲线.这主要是因为大部分贫困人口生活在环境恶劣的城市周边地区或环境严重退化的偏远山区,而城市化的快速发展也加剧了城市的环境恶化;通过年龄与环境态度的比较分析发现,我国居民对环境严重恶化的关切程度及对政府开展环境保护的支持力度增强;发展经济、强化教育、改善居民的生活质量是制定环境保护政策不可忽视的重要内容.