The Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of India genus Cricotopus van der Wulp

This is the eleventh part of our series of studies on Orthocladiinae from India. Two new species of the genus Cricotopus, C. albipes and C. tenuisetosus are described in this paper.     

酸水解蚕蛹制备复合氨基酸的研究

采用硫酸水解法,以蚕蛹制取复合氨基酸产品,得到氨基酸态氮分别为９．０５％和１３．４５％的食用复合氨基粉和精制复合氨基酸粉。食用复合氨基酸粉含有１８种氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸含量为３９．２％。食用复合氨基酸粉的制备方法经工厂小批量生产证实,其工艺简单易行,适合于中小企业采用,该产品的质量优良,生产成本低廉,具有市场竞争力。     

Host related factors affecting oviposition behavior in Brachymeria intermedia

Some behavioral and physical defenses of Lymantria dispar (L.) pupae are described. It was found that the layer of webbing surrounding pupae significantly reduced oviposition rates in the pupal parasitoid Brachymeria intermedia (Nees) (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae). The reasons for this reduction and consequent parasitoid responses were investigated. The role of these behaviors in this host parasitoid relationship are discussed.

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Résumé Le comportement défensif des chrysalides de Lymantria dispar L. consiste en cambrage et en tournoiement. Les chrysalides encoconées étaient plus sensibles aux stimuli tactiles que celles qui ont été extraites des cocons. Brachymeria intermedia Nees avait moint de succès dans l'insertion complète de la tarière dans des chrysalides encoconées qu'extraites, car elles devenaient empêtrées dans le cocon quand la chrysalide se défendait. Il y avait différentes réponses du parasitoïde à l'empêtrement. Elles comprenaient l'abandon de l'attaque par un départ, la remise en selle sur l'hôte, la morsure à travers les fils du cocon, l'attaque d'un hôte voisin, le repos ou la toilette. Les taux d'insertion de la tarière pouvaient être augmentés par l'élimination artificielle de quelques fils. La durée des opérations était plus courte sur les chrysalides plus petites. La discussion a porté sur l'importance de ces comportements sur les relations de ces parasitoïdes avec leurs hôtes.

     

小峰熊蜂蜂王蛹期发育蛋白质组分析

为了探明小峰熊蜂Bombus hypocrita蜂王蛹期发育蛋白质表达调控方面的特点,揭示其发育的分子机理。采用双向电泳法对小峰熊蜂蜂王蛹期发育进行蛋白质组研究,结果在小峰熊蜂蜂王蛹期的白眼期(A期)、褐眼期(B期)和黑眼期(C期)分别检测到81、80和75个蛋白点,特有蛋白质分别为8个、7个和2个,共有蛋白质为61个,A期到B期有4个蛋白质显著上调,5个显著下调,B期到C期有7个蛋白质显著上调,1个显著下调,A期到C期有10个蛋白质显著上调,有4个显著下调。此外,3个蛋白质是在A、B期表达C期关闭,6个蛋白质A、C期表达,B期关闭,5个蛋白质A期关闭,而B、C期表达。初步表明小峰熊蜂蜂王从蛹期发育到成蜂过程中,不仅需要一些保守蛋白质来调控,而且还需要一些特异蛋白质。     

冻干胡蜂蜂蛹对果蝇寿命和繁殖性能的影响

本实验通过研究胡蜂蜂蛹冻干品对果蝇寿命和繁殖力的影响,证明胡蜂蜂蛹具有延缓衰老和增强繁殖性能的作用。采用乙醚麻醉法,收集8h（小时）内羽化的成虫,选择个体大小相近的雌雄果蝇,在不同浓度的培养基中饲养,每两天观察统计一次果蝇死亡数,直到全部死亡。结果表明,雌雄果蝇在5．0％实验组与对照组的平均寿命比较均具有极显著差异性（P〈0．01）,雌雄果蝇在0．2％和1．0％实验组与对照组比较平均寿命差异性显著（P〈0．05）,由此可见胡蜂蜂蛹可延长果蝇平均寿命;0．2％,1．0％组的果蝇子代数显著高于对照组果蝇子代数（P〈0．05）,5．0％组果蝇子代数极显著高于对照组果蝇子代数（P〈0．01）,由此可见冻干胡蜂蜂蛹可增强果蝇的繁殖能力。     

Antioxidant defense in mitochondria during diapause and postdiapause development of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis, Hubn.)

Antioxidant enzymes (CAT, catalase; GPx, selenium nondependent glutathione peroxidase; GST, glutathione-S-transferase; GR, glutathione reductase; DHAR, dehydroascorbate reductase) were determined in the mitochondria of diapausing and non-diapausing larvae and pupae of both diapausing and non-diapausing larvae of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis, Hubn., Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). CAT, GST, and DHAR activity in mitochondria of diapausing larvae were reduced compared to non-diapausing larvae. Pupae of diapaused-larvae possessed lower GST, but higher DHAR activities compared to pupae of non-diapaused individuals. Comparison between larvae and pupae revealed lower GPx activity in the mitochondria of pupae. CAT activity in the mitochondria of pupae was higher compared to diapausing larvae, but lower than in non-diapausing ones. Correlation and canonical discriminant analyses revealed different antioxidant enzyme compositions for a particular stage and developmental pattern. Our results show that antioxidant enzymes have a similar role in the regulation of energetics in mitochondria as that in diapause and metamorphosis.     

Patterns of protein synthesis following heat shock in pupae of Drosophila melanogaster

Pupae of Drosophila melanogaster were heat-shocked under conditions required to induce phenocopies in more than 90% of the flies that subsequently emerge. The effects of these treatments on protein synthesis in two tissues (thoracic epithelium and brain) were followed for several hours after the heat treatments. Results from pulse-labeling and protein separations on sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) acrylamide gels showed a virtually complete cessation of protein synthesis immediately after the shock, followed by a noncoordinate resumption of the starting pattern. Similar experiments following double heat shocks demonstrated a more rapid resumption of synthesis of heat shock proteins after two successive heat treatments than after a single one.     

Evaluation of the risk of overwintering Helicoverpa spp. pupae under irrigated summer crops in south-eastern Australia and the potential for area-wide management

Surveys were undertaken to determine the distribution of overwintering pupae of two species of Helicoverpa in south‐eastern Australia. The results indicate that significant populations of H. armigera have the potential to overwinter as pupae in the region under residues of their summer crop hosts. H. punctigera, conversely, was found not to overwinter in the region to any significant degree. The results also suggest that a high proportion of the overwintering H. armigera population are located in relatively few high risk fields. The overwintering population represents an ideal opportunity for control on an area‐wide basis using post harvest cultivation or “pupae busting”. The risk of overwintering H. armigera pupae occurring was largely associated with crop type, the mechanism being related to the date that the crop flowers, the level of pupal parasitism and the use of larval control measures. The results are discussed in terms of recommendations for farmers and it is suggested that a concerted effort to cultivate high risk fields has the potential to significantly reduce the population on an area‐wide basis.     

Comparison of cold hardiness and sugar content between diapausing and nondiapausing pupae of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract. To understand overwintering of the cotton boll worm Helicoverpa armigera, cold hardiness and sugar content are compared between diapausing and nondiapausing pupae. Diapausing and nondiapausing pupae reared at 20 °C under short and long photoperiods are acclimatized with a reduction of 5 °C per 5 days to 0 °C. When the acclimation temperature reaches 0 °C, the survival of diapausing pupae is assessed. The survival gradually decreases as the period of treatment progresses and approximately half survive for 112 days. However, nondiapausing pupae survive only 14 days after exposure to 0 °C. The surpercooling points of nondiapausing, diapausing and acclimatized pupae are approximately −17 °C. The major sugars contained in pupae are trehalose and glucose. Even though trehalose contents in diapausing pupae (initial level: 0.6 mg 100 mg⁻¹ fresh weight) increase significantly during cold acclimation and continue increasing until 58 days after exposure to 0 °C (maximum level: 1.8 mg 100 mg⁻¹), glucose is maintained at low levels (0.02 mg 100 mg⁻¹) for 56 days at 0 °C. However, glucose contents increase (maximum level: 0.8 mg 100 mg⁻¹) with decreasing contents of trehalose 84 days after exposure to 0 °C. Glycogen content gradually decreases during cold acclimation. When nondiapausing pupae are acclimatized with a reduction of 5 °C per 5 days to 5 °C from the beginning of pupation until the eyespots move, trehalose content increases (maximum level: 1.0 mg 100 mg⁻¹). Glucose contents in nondiapausing pupae increase before eclosion (0.09 mg 100 mg⁻¹). From these results, diapausing pupae of H. armigera can overwinter in regions where average winter temperatures are higher than 0 °C, but nondiapausing pupae cannot.     

Role of Caterpillar Silk Thread in Location of Host Pupae by the Parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Diadromus pulchellus</Emphasis>

Diadromus pulchellus is a solitary ichneumonid parasitoid. Its only known host is the pupa of Acrolepiopsis assectella, a specialist herbivore of Allium species. D. pulchellus females parasitize A. assectella pupae within 48 h after the caterpillars spin their cocoon and begin to pupate. Having observed that the cocoon produced by the leek moth caterpillar stimulates parasitoid egg-laying and that caterpillar leaves a silk thread, we studied the hypothesis that silk thread might be involved in host-finding by the parasitoid. Behavioral tests showed that when D. pulchellus females encounter a host silk thread, they change directions, follow the thread, and quickly locate the host. These findings show that pupal parasitoids can use signals produced by their hosts at the developmental instar preceding the one that they parasitize.