Application of computer to monitoring and control of fermentation process: Microbial conversion of ML-236B Na to pravastatin

An automatic feeding process for microbial hydroxylation of ML236B sodium salt (ML-236B Na; compactin) by Streptomyces carbophilus SANK 62585 was developed. The hydroxylated product, pravastatin sodium salt (pravastatin; trade name Mevalotin), is an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) used as cholesterol-lowering drug. The hydroxylation activity of S. carbophilus was induced by the addition of ML236B Na to culture broth but inhibited by high concentration of ML236B Na. In order to obtain high conversion yield, it was necessary to maintain optimum ML236B Na concentration throughout the fermentation by continuous feeding. For this purpose, we developed an on-line monitoring method, which mainly consisted of a cross-flow filtration module, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyzer, feed pump, and microcomputer for regulation of ML236B Na concentration. An algorithm for control of ML236B Na feed rate based on feedback and feed-forward control where conversion rate after Deltat was estimated by using regression analysis of the five latest values of conversion rate. In a fed-batch culture employing this system, the concentration of ML236B Na was maintained at optimum level during the fermentation and the productivity of pravastatin was increased threefold over that obtained in manual control culture. (c) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

普伐他汀对泡沫细胞内胆固醇酯的影响及与小凹蛋白-1的关系

本文旨在观察普伐他汀对鼠源巨噬细胞性泡沫细胞内胆固醇酯含量的影响,探讨此作用与小凹蛋白一l的关系。采用体外培养的鼠源性巨噬细胞株作为研究对象,加入氧化低密度脂蛋白（oxidized low density lipoprotein,OX-LDL）使其形成泡沫细胞,运用高效液相色谱测定细胞内胆固醇酯的改变,同时运用Western blot检测细胞中小凹蛋白-1的表达,并观察普伐他汀对细胞内胆固醇酯和小凹蛋白-1影响的量效和时效关系。结果显示：普伐他汀可明显降低泡沫细胞内的胆固醇酯与总胆固醇的比值,且在一定范围内呈剂量依赖性和时间依赖性。在泡沫细胞中加入普伐他汀后能够促进小凹蛋白-1的表达,呈剂量依赖性和时间依赖性。上述结果提示普伐他汀通过降低细胞内胆固醇酯的含量,减轻细胞泡沫化程度。普伐他汀的这一作用可能与促进小凹蛋白-1表达上调有关。     

普伐他汀对心脏成纤维细胞转化生长因子-β1合成的影响

目的:探讨普伐他汀对醛固酮诱导新生大鼠心脏成纤维细胞转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)的影响。方法:采用胰酶消化法和差速贴壁分离法获取和培养心脏成纤维细胞,应用ELISA、Western-blot、RT-PCR的方法分别测定醛固酮、普伐他汀以及甲羟戊酸对心脏成纤维细胞培养液中TGF-β1水平和心脏成纤维细胞TGF-β1mRNA和蛋白质的表达。结果:与正常对照组相比,醛固酮(10-7mol/L)可促进心脏成纤维细胞培养液中TGF-β1水平和心脏成纤维细胞TGFβ-1mRNA和蛋白质的表达,提前给予普伐他汀(10-5,10-4,10-3mol/L)能剂量依赖性地抑制醛固酮的上述作用,同时这种抑制作用可被甲羟戊酸所逆转。结论:普伐他汀可抑制醛固酮诱导的心脏成纤维细胞TGF-β1mRNA表达以及蛋白质的合成和分泌,其机制可能与甲羟戊酸代谢途径有关。     

普伐他汀对醛固酮诱导心脏成纤维细胞内皮素合成的影响

目的:探讨普伐他汀对醛固酮诱导新生大鼠心脏成纤维细胞内皮素(ET)的影响。方法:采用胰酶消化法和差速贴壁分离法获取和培养新生大鼠心脏成纤维细胞,应用放免法、流式细胞术、RT-PCR的方法分别测定醛固酮、普伐他汀以及甲羟戊酸干预下心脏成纤维细胞培养液中ET水平和心脏成纤维细胞中的ET-1含量,以及内皮素-1前体(ppET-1)mRNA的表达。结果:与正常对照组相比,醛固酮(10-7mol/L)可促进心脏成纤维细胞培养液中ET水平和心脏成纤维细胞中的ET-1含量及ppET-1 mRNA的表达,提前给予普伐他汀(10-5,10-4,10-3mol/L)能剂量依赖性地抑制醛固酮的上述作用,同时这种抑制作用可被甲羟戊酸所逆转。结论:普伐他汀可抑制醛固酮诱导的心脏成纤维细胞ppET-1mRNA表达以及ET-1的合成和分泌,其机制可能与甲羟戊酸代谢途径有关。     

普伐他汀联合罗格列酮上调THP-1巨噬细胞ABCA1表达

目的：观察普伐他汀与罗格列酮联合应用对人巨噬细胞株（THP-1）源性巨噬细胞三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1（ABCA1）表达的影响。方法：THP-1细胞经160 nmol/L佛波酯（PMA）孵育24 h,诱导分化成巨噬细胞,分别与普伐他汀及罗格列酮单独或联合作用24 h,提取各组细胞总RNA和蛋白质,分别采用RT-PCR和Western blot检测ABCA1的mRNA和蛋白的表达。结果：普伐他汀增强过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPARγ）mRNA表达,但抑制肝X受体（LXR）mRNA表达（P〈0.05）,对ABCA1的表达不产生明显效应（P〉0.05）;罗格列酮单独或与普伐他汀联合作用均可引起ABCA1表达明显增加,同时PPARγ及LXRαmRNA表达亦上调（P〈0.05））。结论：普伐他汀与罗格列酮联合应用能上调巨噬细胞ABCA1的表达。     

A chemically-defined medium supporting growth and providing cells converting compactin to pravastatin

Actinomadura sp strain 2966, which converts compactin to pravastatin, requires vitamins to support its growth. Addition of folic acid, thiamine and cyanocobalamine allowed growth in chemically-defined medium. Cells grown in a chemically-defined medium were as capable of converting compactin to pravastatin as cells grown in a complex medium. Received 9 October 1998/ Accepted in revised form 20 December 1998     

Simvastatin enhances induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

The present study was designed to determine whether hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) modulate the NO production via iNOS in adipocytes stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (L) and tumour necrosis factor-α (T). Well-differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes significantly produced NO by LT-treatment. Pre-incubation with simvastatin, a lipophilic statin, pravastatin, a hydrophilic one, or Y27632, an inhibitor of Rho kinase, further enhanced the production of NO. The effect of simvastatin was offset by mevalonate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) but not by squalene. The mRNA level for iNOS parallelled the NO production. The NF-κB was activated by the LT-treatment and was further enhanced by simvastatin, pravastatin or Y27632 addition. Mevalonate and GGPP completely offset the effect of simvastatin. Statins and Y27632 also further increased the interleukin-6 secretion in the LT-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. These results suggest that statins, especially lipophilic type, enhance induction of iNOS by inhibiting the small GTP-binding protein signal in adipocytes.     

链霉菌Z314的分类鉴定及其转化产物普伐他汀的纯化研究

从土壤中筛选得到1株可转化美伐他汀(compactin)生产普伐他汀(pravastatin)的放线菌Z314,根据形态观察、培养特征、生理生化鉴定以及16S rRNA序列分析,初步判定该菌株为链霉菌属中的黄质产色链霉菌(Streptomyces xanthochromogenes).经发酵条件优化,该菌株转化美伐他汀生产普伐他汀的产量可达1580mg/L,转化率为49.45%.发酵液经中空纤维素柱过滤、大孔树脂吸附和HPLC纯化,普伐他汀的回收率为45.06%,纯度为99.02%,为进一步产业化开发奠定了基础.