Effects of aluminum sorption on calcium-polygalacturonate network used as soil-root interface model

The objective of this study is to determine the influence of aluminum sorption on a calcium-polygalacturonate (Ca-PG) network used as a soil-root interface model. The Ca-PG network is exposed to aluminum solutions at different concentrations (25-800 microM) at pH 3.50. High concentrations lead to a release of calcium (80%) and aluminum becomes the predominant reticulating cation of the polygalacturonic chains. The FTIR spectra show how aluminum sorption induces shifts of the characteristic bands of carbohydrates in the spectral regions of 1700-1400 and 1200-800 cm(-1), which are enhanced by decreasing intensities. This might be induced by a weakening of the metal-PG complex through conformational variations of the structure. Scanning electron micrographs also show a collapse of the fibrillar structure of Ca-PG that is due to aluminum sorption. This structural rearrangement suggests that the soil-root interface could modify its functionality, affecting the transport of metal ions (nutrients) across the interface and consequently through the cell membranes.     

添加保护剂促进碱性果胶酶的工业保藏稳定性

保藏稳定性对于商品酶具有重要的实际意义。通过对碱性果胶酶的保护剂进行研究,最终筛选得到最优复合保护剂配方为：Tween201mL／L,六偏磷酸钠1．5g／L,明胶5g／L,甘油5％（口～）,CaCl22g／L;热稳定性提高18倍。此外在常温保藏时,在酶液中添加0．3‰山梨酸钾和0．3‰苯甲酸钠,能有效提高保藏效果,减少酶液染茵、混浊和发臭,最终常温保藏90d后酶活保留率为84．5％,达到工业化保藏的要求。     

Cell Wall-Bound Phenolic Acid and Lignin Contents in Date Palm as Related to its Resistance to Fusarium Oxysporum

The root cell walls of the resistant cultivars of the date palm were more resistant to the action of the cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDE) of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis than those of the susceptible cultivars. Date palm roots contain four cell wall-bound phenolics identified as p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and sinapic acid. The contents of p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid in the resistant cultivars (IKL, SLY, BSTN) were about 2 times higher than those in the susceptible cultivars (BFG, JHL, BSK). The contents of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and sinapic acid in the resistant cultivars were 8.4 and 4.5 times, respectively, higher than those in the susceptible cultivars. The lignin contents in roots of the resistant cultivars were 1.8 times higher than those of the susceptible cultivars. The cell wall-bound phenols accumulated particularly in resistant cultivars reduced strongly the mycelial growth and the CWDE production in vitro.     

重组毕赤酵母高密度发酵生产碱性果胶酶的策略

重组Pichia pastoris GS115表达碱性果胶酶的诱导阶段, 最佳初始菌体浓度和甲醇诱导浓度分别为122 g/L和20 g/L, 两者之间最佳比值范围是0.16~0.20 g/g (甲醇/菌体浓度). 在此基础上通过生长阶段甘油的指数流加, 以及诱导阶段基于甲醇比消耗速率和溶氧等参数进行甲醇流加的方式, 将甲醇与菌体浓度比例控制在0.171~0.195 g/g之间. 此时, 酶活达到430 u/mL, 生产强度为4.34 u/mL/h, 实现了碱性果胶酶高效生产。     

Methods for obtaining neutral and acid oligosaccharides from flax pectins

Esterified acid soluble pectins from flax (Linun usitatissimum L.) were degraded either with HCl or pectin lyase. Centrifugation and 2-propanol precipitation led to the isolation of two low molecular weight polygalacturonates after acid hydrolysis of pectins. However, after pectin lyase digestion and purification by size-exclusion HPLC, ¹H NMR analyses indicated that acetylated hairy regions, large methylated and acetylated oligogalacturonides together with small unsubstituted oligogalacturonides were produced. Thus, in a few steps, a panel of substituted neutral and acidic oligosaccharides was produced from a raw plant material. Such oligosaccharides could be useful for further fractionations such as chemical saponification and enzymatic removal of neutral sugar chains from the hairy regions. The procedures used for pectin extraction, for degradation, and for the purification of fragments seem appropriate for large-scale production of biologically active oligosaccharides from flax.Revisions requested 24 September 2004; Revisions received 4 November 2004     

碱性果胶酶的生物制造及其在纺织工业清洁生产中的应用研究进展

以下综述了碱性果胶酶的生物制造及其在纺织工业清洁生产中的应用研究进展。微生物发酵法是目前生产碱性果胶酶的主要方式,枯草芽孢杆菌是碱性果胶酶工业发酵生产中效果较好的野生菌株。影响发酵法生产碱性果胶酶的主要因素有:底物浓度及其流加方式、细胞浓度、搅拌转速、通气速率、pH、温度等。构建基因工程菌为碱性果胶酶的发酵生产开辟了一条有效途径,其中重组毕赤酵母的产酶水平最高,在10吨发酵罐上酶活达1305U/mL。碱性果胶酶可用于棉织物前处理的精练工艺,与传统高温碱煮相比,具有保护纤维、提高精练效率、降低能耗和污染的优势。通过分子定向进化技术对碱性果胶酶进行分子改造,使其催化特性更加适合于纺织精练工艺,进而实现纺织工业的清洁生产是未来的研究重点和热点。     

混合碳源流加对重组毕赤酵母生产碱性果胶酶的影响

为提高重组毕赤酵母生产碱性果胶酶(PGL)的产量和生产强度,在诱导期采用多种碳源与甲醇混合添加的模式。实验结果发现:甘油、山梨醇、乳酸与甲醇的混合添加均可以提高PGL的产量,其中山梨醇与甲醇的混合流加效果最为显著。研究表明,通过双碳源混合流加可以提高细胞活力,增强醇氧化酶活力,提高毕赤酵母表达外源蛋白效率。当山梨醇的流速为3.6g/(h·L)时,PGL酶活可达1593U/mL,生产强度为16.7U/(mL·h),比对照分别提高了84.6%和45.2%,实现了碱性果胶酶的高效生产。     

Overproduction of alkaline polygalacturonate lyase in recombinant Escherichia coli by a two-stage glycerol feeding approach

This work aims to achieve the overproduction of alkaline polygalacturonate lyase (PGL) with recombinant Escherichia coli by a two-stage glycerol feeding approach. First, the PGL coding gene from Bacillus subtilis WSHB04-02 was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) under the strong inducible T7 promoter of the pET20b (+) vector. And then the influence of media composition, induction temperature, and inducer isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) concentration on cell growth and PGL production was investigated. Finally, a two-stage glycerol feeding strategy was proposed and applied in a 3-L fermenter, where cultivation was conducted at a controlled specific growth rate (μset=0.2) during pre-induction phase, followed by a constant glycerol feeding rate of 12 ml h(-1) at post-induction phase. The total PGL yield reached 371.86 U mL(-1), which is the highest PGL production by recombinant E. coli expression system.     

重组毕赤酵母高密度发酵生产碱性果胶酶的策略

重组Pichia pastoris GS115表达碱性果胶酶的诱导阶段, 最佳初始菌体浓度和甲醇诱导浓度分别为122 g/L和20 g/L, 两者之间最佳比值范围是0.16~0.20 g/g (甲醇/菌体浓度). 在此基础上通过生长阶段甘油的指数流加, 以及诱导阶段基于甲醇比消耗速率和溶氧等参数进行甲醇流加的方式, 将甲醇与菌体浓度比例控制在0.171~0.195 g/g之间. 此时, 酶活达到430 u/mL, 生产强度为4.34 u/mL/h, 实现了碱性果胶酶高效生产。     

Microbial pectic transeliminases

Pectic transeliminases, also known as pectic lyases or pectinases, are involved in the degradation of pectic substances. They have a wide range of applications in food and textile processing. Although Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. produce pectin lyases, bacteria are the major producers of polygalacturonate lyase. The yields of pectic transeliminases are less than other pectinases. Since new applications for pectic transeliminases are emerging, an improved process for the production of these enzymes is necessary.