Acclimatation sur la côte d'azur et en corse deSerangium parcesetosum [Col.: Coccinellidae] prédateur de l'aleurode des citrus,Dialeurodes citri [Hom.: Aleyrodidae]

Résumé La CoccinelleSerangium parcesetosum Sicard originaire de l'Inde a été importée en France en 1985 de Géorgie soviétique où elle avait été introduite pour lutter contre l'Aleurode des CitrusDialeurodes citri Ashmead. Les premiers lachers ont été effectués sur la C?te d'Azur et en Corse où elle semble désormais bien acclimatée.      

Edovum puttleri [Hym.: Eulophidae]: Biological activity and responses to normal and frozen eggs ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata [Col.: Chrysomelidae]

Biological control of eggplant pests in general, and (CPB)Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) in particular, is highly problematic.Edovum puttleri Grissell, an exotic egg parasitoid which has been found potentially effective, is being reared to this end. Frozen CPB eggs (?18°C) proved to be accepted and suitable for parasitization byE. puttleri. However, when given a choice between 20 frozen and 20 normal eggs every 2 days, the females exhibited a significant preference for the latter. Parasitization and host predation patterns related to female age are described by 2 opposing fourth-order polynomial functions. Parasitization increased up to day 10, followed by progressive decline. Average life span per female was 31.10±.58, with a recorded maximum of 56 days. High predatory behaviour of older females, which showed a decrease in parasitization, was observed in these experimental conditions.     

Nutrient fluxes in the shifting cultivation system of south-west Côte d'Ivoire

At two sites, one with a 4-year-old (4-Y) secondary vegetation and the other with a 20-year-old (20-Y) vegetation, the influence of burning slashed vegetation on crop performance was studied during three seasons. In the first season after clearing, also the influence on weed growth was studied. At both sites, burning significantly decreased the number of weed seedlings. The lowest number of seedlings was found on the burnt plots of the 20-Y site. Burning increased yield and nutrient uptake significantly in the first and second season after clearing. In the third season after burning, only at the 4-Y site a significantly higher yield and nutrient uptake were found. At the 20-Y site the effect had disappeared. Calculations of efficiency of utilization of absorbed N, P and K indicated that P was the least available nutrient, also after burning. At both sites three consecutive crops absorbed approximately 40% of P applied in ash, while the cumulative recovery of K was at least 36% at the 4-Y site and at least 59% at the 20-Y site. On non-burnt plots, yields were not lower in the third season than in the first season after clearing, thus indicating that the inherent soil fertility did not decrease. Hence, yield decline on the burnt plots could be ascribed to ash depletion. It was concluded that in the local shifting cultivation system, the combination of ash depletion and infestation of weeds are the main reasons for abandoning the fields.     

苏北滨海湿地麋鹿恢复种群的研究

1986年至2004年,在苏北滨海湿地开展恢复麋鹿野生种群的研究。从每年的2月份开始,在麋鹿的产仔期按照每旬记录产仔数,直至产仔结束。逐年统计半散养和野生麋鹿种群结构。选择不同年龄阶段和不同性别的麋鹿进行称重,分析个体的身体发育程度。半散养麋鹿种群由1986年引进的39 头,发展到2004年的706 头,年均出生率21.7%,鹿群年均增长率为17.5%,现已繁殖了子四代;野生放养麋鹿由31 头增加到2004年的41头,年均出生率16.3%,年均增长率为9.0% ,且于2003年、2004年各产1 头完全属野生的子二代。产仔季节相由引进时的紊乱已调整至目前的规律性产仔。研究表明大丰麋鹿种群繁殖很成功,其寿命、行为、生理发育、繁殖周期等都较引进时发生了显著的变化,已完全适应了黄海湿地生态环境。人类活动干扰仍是影响麋鹿种群恢复的一个重要因素。     

麋鹿幼仔的活动同步性与同性聚群倾向

哺乳动物幼体从出生到性成熟这段时间存在生理和行为上的巨大变化.麋鹿幼仔出生1周内,与成鹿和其它仔鹿呈隔离状态,且藏卧于隐蔽处,母鹿哺乳是引起幼仔活动的主要因素.     

Composition and Intraspecific Chemical Variability of Leaf Essential Oil of Laggera pterodonta from Côte d'Ivoire

The chemical composition of 44 leaf oil samples of Laggera pterodonta (DC.) Sch.Bip. ex Oliv. (Asteraceae) from Côte d'Ivoire was investigated, using combination of chromatographic (GC‐FID) and spectroscopic (GC/MS, ¹³C‐NMR) techniques. Two oil samples chosen according to their chromatographic profiles were submitted to column chromatography and all fractions of CC were analyzed by GC‐FID, GC/MS and ¹³C‐NMR. In total, 83 components accounting for 96.5 to 99.4 % of the whole chemical composition were identified. Significant variations were observed within terpene classes: monoterpene hydrocarbons (0.4–22.7 %), oxygenated monoterpenes (32.9–54.9 %), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (18.6–38.3 %) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (3.5–38.4 %). Thus, the 44 compositions were subjected to hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Two groups were differentiated according to their composition. All the samples contained 2,5‐dimethoxy‐p‐cymene, α‐humulene and (E)‐β‐caryophyllene among the main components. Other components were present at appreciable contents and allowed differentiation of two groups: sabinene and germacrene D for Group I; 10‐epi‐γ‐eudesmol and eudesm‐7(11)‐en‐4α‐ol for Group II. All the samples collected in Eastern Côte d'Ivoire constituted Group I, while samples collected in the Central area of the country constituted Group II.     

Expansion of Aedes africanus (Diptera: Culicidae), a sylvatic vector of arboviruses,into an urban environment of Abidjan,Côte d'Ivoire

In 2008, an outbreak of yellow fever occurred in Abidjan. The entomological investigations confirm that Abidjan is at risk of yellow fever with a suspicion of the National Park of Banco (NPB) forest as a likely area of re‐emergence. This study aims to assess the dispersion of sylvatic vectors of arboviruses from the NPB forest to the surrounding areas (Andokoi and Sagbé). The sampling was done in the rainy season using the WHO layer‐traps technique. Among the six species of Aedes sampled, Aedes aegypti and Aedes africanus were the potential vectors of arboviruses. Both species were collected in Sagbé but only Ae. aegypti in Andokoi. Only Ae. aegypti were present 400 and 800 m from NPB forest, but at 200 m, it showed respective proportions of 75.5% and 87.5% in Sagbé and Andokoi. In the NPB forest, however, Ae. africanus has been the predominant species. The study showed the presence of Ae. aegypti in Andokoi and Sagbé. However, Ae. africanus was found in the NPB forest and in the 200 m radius in Sagbé. The establishment of an entomological surveillance program in all areas would therefore be essential for the prevention of arboviruses outbreaks in Abidjan.     

重引入对麋鹿种群分娩定时及同步化的影响

种群持续繁殖是重引入物种对原灭绝地气候成功恢复适应的重要标志,研究重引入前后种群的繁殖波动规律,可为重引入管理者提供精准的繁殖预测信息和科学依据。本文整理北京重引入麋鹿种群后的1987年、1997年、2007年和2017年的总分娩数据,以每年最早分娩日作参照基准,统计个体分娩距此的天数,计算同步化率,并用ANOVA分析气温、降水、空气湿度、光照等变量对麋鹿分娩定时格局的影响。结果表明：(1) 引入后麋鹿种群年分娩节律呈“钟摆样”前后摆动,后逐渐回调,并最终处于相对稳定状态：时隔85年 (从灭绝至重引入) 后,北京麋鹿种群首次分娩时间较乌邦寺种群推迟35 ~ 42 d;重引入定植阶段：分娩节律逐年提前;种群扩繁阶段：分娩节律逐年向后推迟;种群复壮阶段：分娩节律又逐年微回调并最终处于稳定状态。(2) 北京麋鹿种群分娩有较强光周期定时和同步化：在重引入的第一年,分娩同步化率达到0 ~ 25%、25% ~ 50%、50% ~ 75%,分别用时18 d、14 d、5 d;重引入定植阶段分别用时41 d、19 d、11 d;种群扩繁阶段分别用时45 d、10 d、9 d;种群复壮阶段分别用时34 d、20 d和11 d。(3) 累积光照和积温,对北京麋鹿种群正常分娩启动影响差异极显著,对同步化分娩没有影响：妊娠期积温达到 (2748.34 ± 157.69)℃,累计光照达到 (3684.77 ± 514.26) h可启动正常分娩。(4) 北京麋鹿种群的分娩峰期与地上生物量峰期相关;从分娩时间来看,北京麋鹿种群已经恢复了对原灭绝地气候的适应。(5) 随时间增长,北京麋鹿种群非同步化分娩的个体数量逐年增加,分娩期总跨度并未延长。1997年以来,平均每年有30%左右的非同步化分娩现象。因此,基于分娩数据分析表明,麋鹿引入北京37年后,种群已经恢复对原灭绝地环境的重适应。     

Update of ichthyofauna diversity and ecological status of a coastal River Nero (Côte d’Ivoire – West Africa)

The general aim of this study is to update the inventory of the fish species and to specify distribution patterns in the Nero River ichthyofauna in order to establish some basis for the conservation of these fish communities and their habitat. From February 2009 to January 2010, thirty-three sites were sampled monthly with gill nets and a backpack electrofisher, and environmental variables were recorded. Overall, 46 species included in 33 genuses, 24 families and 9 orders were collected. Eleven families and 30 species were the first records for the Nero River. Including all species previously listed in the literature, the number of species presently known in the Nero River and its tributaries is revised to 59. Four families, Alestidae (21%), Schilbeidae (19%), Cyprinidae (17%) and Cichlidae (16%) that made up 73% of the total number of the catches, were the most dominant. The most dominant numerical species were Schilbe mandibularis and Brycinus longipinnis. Fish species and sampling sites along with eight environmental variables were ordinated with canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) coupled to the Monte Carlo test. Ecological status based on fish assemblage according to environmental variables and anthropogenic pressures showed that miss dead wood leaves and roots, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, mud, nitrite, basin width, dissolved oxygen and pH, were the primary factors influencing fish distribution. The environmental tolerance index (ETI), ecological tolerance (t_k) and optima (u_k) values of 10 species to 8 different environmental variables were analyzed. Six species (Hemichromis fasciatus, Epiplatys chaperi, Barbus ablabes, B. longipinnis, Hemichromis bimaculatus and Chromidotilapia guntheri) have high ETI and a cosmopolitan distribution in the Nero River. In the tributaries of the middle course, high concentrations of nitrite in the water, added to the presence of a lot of tolerant species in the ichthyofauna are indications of disturbance of these areas. Subsequent recommendations were formulated for efficient restoration and conservation management of this River.     

Analyse,en olfactomètre tabulaire,de l'influence de différents stimulus olfactifs dans la recherche du partenaire sexuel par Zabrotes subfasciatus

Pour rechercher son partenaire sexuel Zabrotes subfasciatus doit utiliser les signaux olfactifs émis soit par les mâles ou par les femelles. Le pouvoir attractif de l'odeur des mâles et des femelles sont donc étudiés et comparés par olfactométrie. Le comportement de mâles et de femelles vierges et inséminées, mis en contact des graines de la plante hôte ou non, est observé en fonction de l'âge des imagos. En aucun cas, les odeurs des mâles n'exercent une attraction sur les femelles. Les femelles vierges en absence de graines de haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris) n'exercent pas d'attraction sur les mâles vierges. Par contre les odeurs des femelles vierges mises en contact avec les graines de haricot sont très attractives pour les mâles vierges et varie en fonction de l'âge: il est plus affirmé chez les femelles plus âgées. L'émission de la phéromone sexuelle est interrompue après l'insémination des femelles mais reprend au bout d'un certain temps après celle-ci.