石化废水生物处理塔内生物膜不同菌系生态关系的研究（Ⅰ）

本实验以石油化工废水生物处理塔中生物膜为材料,分离得三株苯酚降解菌和一株石油解菌。分别测定了它们对酚的降解和耐受能力、适宜的生长温度、Ｐ＾Ｈ和氯化钠浓度。证明三株酚降解菌不仅可以苯灵唯一碳源,而且可耐受４００毫克／升浓度的苯酚。     

微生物在镉污染土壤修复中的应用及其作用机理

土壤中镉（Cd）含量的超标导致了土壤生态系统的恶性发展,微生物作为土壤中的常见组分之一在缓解土壤镉污染中展现出巨大潜力。本文总结了微生物、微生物-植物和微生物-生物炭在镉污染土壤修复中的应用并阐述了相关的作用机理。芽孢杆菌（Bacillus）、不动杆菌（Acinetobacter）、荧光假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fluorescence）、丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）等微生物可以通过吸附、矿化、沉淀、溶解等方式改变镉的生物有效性,从而达到缓解镉污染的目的。pH值、温度、微生物生物量、镉初始浓度以及时间等对微生物降低镉的生物有效性方面有着显著的影响。假单胞菌、伯克霍尔德菌（Burkholderia）、黄杆菌（flavobacterium）等微生物可以通过促生、活化等作用促进超富集植物对Cd²⁺的吸收。生物炭作为一种土壤改良剂,其独有的理化性质可以作为微生物的庇护所。微生物-生物炭联合使用与单用生物炭相比可以进一步促进镉的残渣态的增加,降低土壤中有效态的比例。     

大球盖菇的生物学基础、活性成分及其应用

大球盖菇是联合国粮农组织向发展中国家推荐栽培的食用菌之一,对农作物秸秆及林木枝条、落叶等有较强的降解能力。通过人工种植可培养营养丰富、美味可口的大球盖菇子实体产品,其菌渣还能够改善土壤环境,在生态农林产业及循环经济等方面具有重要作用。本文从大球盖菇的生物学基础、子实体营养、生物活性成分及其在农林生态和环境修复应用等角度进行综述,为大球盖菇的进一步开发利用及其相关产业发展提供参考。     

Selection of cold‐tolerant plants for growth in soils contaminated with organics

A mixture of organic chemicals (MOC) containing equal molar amounts of benzoic acid, hexadecane, 2,2‐dimethyl 4,n‐propyl‐benzene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and either cycloheptane or cis‐decahydronaphthalene (cis‐decalin) was applied to soil at rates of 0 to 8000 mg/kg. In a plant‐screening experiment, growth responses of four legume and five nonlegume species were determined at 10 and 25°C. The MOC applied at 2000 mg/kg reduced the growth of several species without resulting in significant seedling death. At 10°C, the growth of alpine bluegrass (Poa alpina L.) in the 1000 and 2000 mg/kg treatments of soil increased by more than 185%. In a plant growth response experiment, alpine bluegrass and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were grown in soil that had been contaminated at rates of 0 and 2000 mg/kg. At 14 weeks, the shoot and root dry weights of alfalfa were 97% lower in the contaminated soil, while the shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and root length of alpine bluegrass were 135,235 and 268% higher, respectively. Except for pyrene, <23% of the compounds comprising the MOC remained in the soil after 4 weeks and <5% after 14 weeks. The disappearance of the MOC was not significantly influenced by the presence of alfalfa or alpine bluegrass.     

Simplified methods for monitoring petroleum‐contaminated ground water and soil vapor

Portable meters and simplified gas Chromatographic (GC) techniques were investigated for monitoring volatile hydrocarbon (HC), CO₂, and O₂, concentrations in groundwater, exhaust gases, and soil vapor during in situ remediation using soil vapor extraction (SVE) and air sparging (AS). Results of groundwater samples analyzed in‐house using a headspace technique compared well to split samples analyzed by a certified analytical laboratory (r² = 0.94). SVE exhaust gas HC and CO₂ concentrations measured using a GT201 portable HC/O₂ meter and a RA‐411A meter (GasTech), respectively, were highly correlated with in‐house laboratory GC analyses (r² = 0.91). O₂ concentrations fell in a small range and meter analyses were not well correlated with laboratory analyses. Results of soil gas monitoring were not as well correlated as those for exhaust gases for HC, CO₂, or O₂, perhaps due to environmental conditions such as changes in relative humidity or the wider range of soil gas values. Overall, the meters were good indicators of vapor contamination, they greatly simplified estimates of total HC mass removal, and they allowed estimates of the biological contribution to contaminant removal during the remediation process.     

Examination of thirteen petroliferous formations for hydrocarbon-utilizing sulfate-reducing microorganisms

Virgin cores and production fluids were obtained from seven wells, ranging in depth from 805 ft to 14 492 ft, and examined for the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) using Rosenfeld's sulfate-reducing medium modified by using crude oil in place of lactate. Cores from an additional six wells, ranging in depth from 1160 ft to 13 337 ft were tested for SRB using the modified Rosenfeld medium and API-sulfate-reducing medium. Produced waters from five of the six wells were tested also. All of the eleven produced water samples were positive for SRB while H₂S production was not detected from the core samples.     

Identifying optimal groundwater remediation strategies through a simulation-based PROMETHEE-TOPSIS approach: An application to a naphthalene-contaminated site

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to develop a simulation-aided PROMETHEE-TOPSIS approach for the selection of the most desirable groundwater remediation strategies. The combination methods enables a careful evaluation of the identified remediation alternatives in which their strong and weak points can be detected and a ranking is provided which facilitates the final selection for the decision-maker. The capabilities and effectiveness of the developed method are illustrated through a case study on the remedial alternative selection for a naphthalene contaminated site in Anhui, China. Four attributes (i.e., total pumping rate, total cost, mean residual contaminant concentration and maximum excess life time cancer risk) for fifty remedial alternatives in each duration are considered and analytic hierarchy process is used to determine the weight of attributes importance. The results demonstrates that the developed method could help decision makers obtain the useful ranking information strategies that covering a variety of decision-relevant remediation options, which is beneficial for public health and environmental protection.     

利用光合细菌进行微生物修复：一种降低辛硫磷在养殖水中积累的低成本方法

[背景] 中国是农业生产大国,渔林农牧占比庞大。有机农药无论在畜牧业还是水产养殖业都有广泛的应用。有机磷农药（Organophosphorus Pesticide,OP）是应用最广泛的有机农药,具有低毒和不易残留的优点。OP在水体中大量积累可通过生物富集作用间接影响人体健康,由此产生的生殖毒性不容忽视。光合细菌作为环境友好型水体有益菌,部分菌种具有降解有机农药的功能。[目的] 自上海海洋大学明湖中分离纯化得到一株光合细菌（编号SPZ）。探究其对辛硫磷的耐受程度及降解效果,为养殖水体中有机磷农药的生物降解提供目的菌株。[方法] 利用16S rRNA基因序列分析方法对目标菌株进行种属鉴定;利用紫外分光光度法测定分离菌株SPZ和标准菌株ST在不同接种量下的OD₆₆₀并测定实验周期内光合细菌在不同浓度辛硫磷中OD₆₆₀的变化趋势,以示辛硫磷对光合细菌的毒性作用;利用高效液相色谱法（High Performance Liquid Chromatography,HPLC）测定菌株对水体辛硫磷的降解能力;通过HPLC测定加热致死菌与活菌对水体辛硫磷的降解能力,确定菌株对辛硫磷的降解方式。[结果] 16S rRNA基因序列分析表明菌株SPZ与红假单胞菌属相似度高达99%以上,与沼泽红假单胞菌ATCC 17001菌株聚为一支,置信度为100%;菌株SPZ与菌株ST的适宜接种量为10%;菌株SPZ可耐受100 mg/L的辛硫磷,当浓度超过该值后,辛硫磷对光合细菌生长产生显著的抑制作用;当光合细菌进入生长稳定期后添加辛硫磷,1 d时可相对降解辛硫磷（12.97%-26.69%,20.0 mg/L;24.25%-32.85%,2.0 mg/L;16.66%-34.59%,0.2 mg/L）,3 d时可相对降解辛硫磷（46.63%-53.95%,20.0 mg/L;24.78%-30.34%,2.0 mg/L;31.92%-39.25%,0.2 mg/L）,5 d时可相对降解辛硫磷（93.65%-97.72%,20.0 mg/L;67.69%-74.41%,2.0 mg/L;10.34%-24.27%,0.2 mg/L）。[结论] 菌株SPZ作为一种常见光合细菌,能够有效去除水体中的辛硫磷农药,具有生物修复功能,在水产养殖和有机磷农药污染水处理中有广阔的前景。     

植物-固定化菌剂联合修复多环芳烃污染土壤

以火凤凰根际土壤中发现的3种优势菌[分枝杆菌(Ⅰ)、产黄纤维单胞菌(Ⅱ)、少动鞘氨醇单胞菌(Ⅲ)]构建的多菌剂体系为供试菌剂,针对大港油田原油污染土壤,将固定化供试菌剂接种于修复植物火凤凰根际,探讨供试菌剂强化火凤凰修复多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的效果。结果表明: 处理ⅠⅢ(有效活菌数为10⁹ cfu·mL^-1)和ⅠⅡⅢ(有效活菌数为10⁷ cfu·mL^-1)对PAHs的降解有促进作用,PAHs降解率分别为32.2%和41.4%,均显著高于相应对照处理。此外,处理ⅠⅡⅢ对火凤凰的地下生物量有明显促进作用,比对照处理增加了31.2%。表明由3种优势菌构建的多菌剂ⅠⅡⅢ可以作为火凤凰修复PAHs污染土壤的强化手段,为微生物强化植物修复技术提供了新的修复思路及方法。     

Rehabilitation of former Snowy Scheme sites in Kosciuszko National Park

Ten years of restoration work at 200 sites within Kosciuszko National Park – sites damaged during the construction of Australia's most iconic hydroelectric scheme – is showing substantial progress and is contributing to the protection of the park's internationally significant ecosystems.