越冬池冰下生物增氧的一个氧气平衡模式

本文根据实测数据回归得到的经验关系式,结合一定的假设及理论关系式,推导得到一个可供鱼呼吸耗用的氧气量(Rf)与浮游植物现存生物量(B)及有效水深(L)的关系式Rf=f(B,L),并利用此式作了进一步的探讨,求出了越冬池生物增氧的最适水深、最适浮游植物现存生物量及最大越冬鱼密度。提出了一个典型的越冬池生物增氧的模式。       

松阿扁叶蜂越冬幼虫体内氨基酸含量的测定分析

本文测定了不同时期松阿扁叶蜂Acantholyda posticalis Matsumura越冬幼虫虫体、血淋。巴内氨基酸含量,并对影响幼虫抗寒的氨基酸进行了探讨。对越冬幼虫体内17种氨基酸的研究结果表明,从越冬初期至越冬期,氨基酸种类并没有发生变化,但各种氨基酸含量变化不同,丙氨酸、谷氨酸、脯氨酸、精氨酸和胱氨酸随着温度的下降呈增加趋势。幼虫虫体总氨基酸含量增幅最大的为丙氨酸,比越冬初期增加了28.8%,其次是脯氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸,分别比越冬初期增加了9.4%、6.4%和5.4%,其他氨基酸增加不明显;幼虫血淋巴内游离氨基酸中的丙氨酸、胱氨酸和谷氨酸含量分别比越冬初期增加了94.6%、80.2%和19.6%。因此认为体内这些氨基酸含量的变化可能与低温抗寒密切相关。     

越冬池冰下浮游生物的研究

越冬池冰下浮游植物主要由光甲藻、隐藻、小环藻、壳虫藻、衣藻、棕鞭藻等优势属组成,重点试验池平均生物量为38.8±13.06毫克/升。与明水期相比其种数较少而现存量不低;原生动物、桡足类和轮虫类构成冰下主要浮游动物。重点池平均生物量为6.21±6.52毫克/升,其中轮虫量最高。冰下浮游植物量各水层不同,86.7％的越冬池表层多于底层,另13.3％底层多于表层。光甲藻等鞭毛藻有明显的昼夜垂直移动。冰下浮游生物量有月变化和年变化,文中分析了引起这些变化的生态因素,同时探讨了与生物增氧有关的几个问题。     

Carabid beetle diversity and mean individual biomass in beech forests of various ages

Carabid beetle diversity and mean individual biomass (MIB) were analysed in three different successional stages of beech tree stands (60, 80 and 150 years old). Carabid beetles were captured using pitfall traps placed at nine sites (three per age class) in the Papuk Mountain of East Croatia during 2008. A cluster analysis identified three groupings that corresponded to the beech age classes. MIB values increased with stand age, ranging from 255 in 60-year-old stand to 537 in the oldest forests. The 80-year-old stand showed the highest species richness and diversity values. With respect to species composition, large species such as Carabus scheidleri and Carabus coriaceus were dominant only in the oldest forests. Furthermore, species that overwinter in the larval stage were more abundant in the oldest forests (45% of the total number of individuals from the 150-year-old stand) than in the younger ones (20% of individuals from 60-year-old, and 22% of individuals from 80-year-old stands). Our results showed that the analyses of species composition and life history traits are valuable for estimating the conservation values of older forests. Although the investigated sites form part of a continuous forested area and are only a couple of kilometres apart, MIB values detect significant differences associated with forest age and can be a useful tool in evaluating the degree to which a forest reflects a natural state.     

麦拟根蚜生物学的研究

麦拟根蚜Paracletus cimiciformis von Heyden中国新纪录.本文记述该蚜的无翅孤雌蚜和有翅孤雌蚜的形态特征.对该蚜的生物学和田间蚜量消长作了研究, 以无翅孤雌蚜和有翅孤雌蚜成虫和若虫在20—87厘米深土内嗜糖小蚁(Monomorium glyciphilum Smith)巢中越冬, 在10—20厘米蚁巢中度过盛夏.有翅蚜在6月上中旬和10月上旬大量发生.作者等创用了玻管麦芽单饲根蚜与嗜糖小蚁共养法, 对该蚜生活史作了观察.该蚜每年在山东发生9代, 若蚜有5龄期.发育起点温度为3.98℃, 每世代有效积温为356.8日度.每头孤雌蚜一生最多可胎生若蚜38头, 平均19头.     

小猿叶甲成虫越冬和越夏:滞育和休眠同时存在

小猿叶甲Phaedon brassicae Baly是十字花科蔬菜上的一种重要害虫,具有复杂的生活史。2005～2006年在武汉地区对小猿叶甲越冬和越夏虫态及成虫生理状态的调查结果表明,小猿叶甲只以成虫越夏,主要以成虫越冬,但也有少量卵、幼虫和蛹越冬。越夏期间,滞育成虫占70.5%～97.1%。越冬期间,滞育成虫的比率占24.8%～48.2%,随越冬进程,滞育比率上升,但大部分个体处于休眠状态。     

Fidelity and over-wintering of sea turtles

While fidelity to breeding sites is well demonstrated in marine turtles, emerging knowledge of migratory routes and key foraging sites is of limited conservation value unless levels of fidelity can be established. We tracked green (Chelonia mydas, n=10) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta, n=10) turtles during their post-nesting migration from the island of Cyprus to their foraging grounds. After intervals of 2-5 years, five of these females were recaptured at the nesting beach and tracked for a second migration. All five used highly similar migratory routes to return to the same foraging and over-wintering areas. None of the females visited other foraging habitats over the study period (units lasted on average 305 days; maximum, 1356 days), moving only to deeper waters during the winter months where they demonstrated extremely long resting dives of up to 10.2h (the longest breath-holding dive recorded for a marine vertebrate). High levels of fidelity and the relatively discrete nature of the home ranges demonstrate that protection of key migratory pathways, foraging and over-wintering sites can serve as an important tool for the future conservation of marine turtles.     

桔小实蝇自然种群蛹和越冬成虫的耐寒性

本文通过过冷却点和低温耐寒能力的测定,研究了我国桔小实蝇Boctrocera dorsalis (Hendel)不同季节种群和地理种群蛹的耐寒性规律。结果表明：桔小实蝇自然种群蛹的低温存活力有明显的季节规律,冬前种群的耐寒性显著强于夏季种群。如在0℃低温下暴露2天,夏季种群基本全部死亡,而冬前种群存活率仍为61.4%。2005-2006年不同月份桔小实蝇1日龄蛹过冷却点差异明显,以2月份均值最高,为-9.26℃,8月份最低,为-15.20℃;且2月份桔小实蝇蛹个体过冷却点值出现明显的分化现象,分别在-15℃左右和-6℃左右出现两个明显的聚集区。所研究的5个桔小实蝇地理区域种群没有出现明显的耐寒性分化。结合本文结果,文中还就桔小实蝇自然种群耐寒性影响因素进行了讨论。     

刺槐叶瘿蚊越冬幼虫空间格局及抽样调查技术

本文采用聚集指标法分析了刺槐叶瘿蚊Obolodiplosis robiniae(Haldemann)越冬幼虫的空间分布格局,结果表明:刺槐叶瘿蚊越冬幼虫在林间呈聚集分布;其聚集的原因与刺槐叶瘿蚊自身的行为习性有关或由刺槐叶瘿蚊本身与环境的异质性共同作用所造成。采用"z"字型、平行线、棋盘式、大五点、对角线5种抽样方法估计林间刺槐叶瘿蚊越冬幼虫虫口密度,确定对角线法调查15样方为最佳抽样方法。对土壤不同深度土层中越冬幼虫数量调查,明确最适取样深度为3cm。同时利用Iwao回归建立了理论抽样数量模型:n=t2/D2(1.1957/x珋+0.8905)。利用过筛手检和过筛水漂2种方法检数土中幼虫,对检出刺槐叶瘿蚊越冬幼虫虫量及检虫时间进行了对比分析,结果表明过筛水漂法检虫较为可取。