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Chris L. Schürmann Jan A. R. A. M. van Hooff 《International journal of primatology》1986,7(3):265-287
Recent field data indicate that MacKinnon’s model of the orang-utan’s sexual and agonistic activity needs to be revised. In
this model, male reproductive activity is concentrated in an extended phase of subadulthood and in early adulthood. According
to this model, the role of older adult males is primarily that of range guardian, and in that role they would ensure that
the offspring they had generated earlier would have safe access to food resources. This study presents cases suggesting that
subadult males, even though sexually active, may have low reproductive success. In previous studies adult males were shown
to display less sexual initiative than subadult males. In this study an adult male was at times involved infrequent mating
activity in response to proceptive activity of females in the course of consortship. This adult male proved to be a successful
breeder, thus refuting the hypothesis of adult male sterility. The female is most likely to conceive through cooperative mating
in lengthy consortships with the dominant resident adult male. We hypothesize that the extended subadult phase represents
a submissive strategy, allowing subadult males to remain in the home range of adult males but with minimal reproductive success. 相似文献
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The behavior of orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus)was observed in two captive groups (one adult group, one juvenile group). Activity profiles,animal interactions, and compartmental spatial use for both adult-group and juvenile-group individuals were recorded over
a 9-month period. Behavioral repertoires for both groups included large amounts of social activity. Equivalent amounts of
social activity were found for each group. The social behavior of juvenile animals involved more active behavior such as play.
The social behavior of the adult animals was more subtle, involving social monitoring and allogrooming. These results indicate
that orangutans, at least when group-living in captivity, exhibit the potential to display social behavior which is apparently
of greater frequency and complexity than that which has been observed in the wild. These findings suggest that the solitary
behavior of wild orangutans is not a necessary characteristic of orangutan behavior. Under different environmental conditions
orangutans appear to readily adapt socially, and, like other nonhuman primates,they have the capacity to exhibit complex and subtle social behavior.
This report is based on part of a senior thesis submitted by Sara D. Edwards 相似文献
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Carol Ann Sodaro 《Zoo biology》1988,7(2):173-176
Labial swellings following copulation were recorded during each of seven pregnancies for an adult female Sumatran orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii). These swellings persisted throughout pregnancy and disappeared within a short time after the termination of pregnancy. Labial swellings may be a useful tool in diagnosing pregnancy in orang-utans. 相似文献
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Madeleine E. Hardus Adriano R. Lameira Carel P. Van Schaik Serge A. Wich 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2009,276(1673):3689-3694
Culture has long been assumed to be uniquely human but recent studies, in particular on great apes, have suggested that cultures also occur in non-human primates. The most apparent cultural behaviours in great apes involve tools in the subsistence context where they are clearly functional to obtain valued food. On the other hand, tool-use to modify acoustic communication has been reported only once and its function has not been investigated. Thus, the question whether this is an adaptive behaviour remains open, even though evidence indicates that it is socially transmitted (i.e. cultural). Here we report on wild orang-utans using tools to modulate the maximum frequency of one of their sounds, the kiss squeak, emitted in distress. In this variant, orang-utans strip leaves off a twig and hold them to their mouth while producing a kiss squeak. Using leaves as a tool lowers the frequency of the call compared to a kiss squeak without leaves or with only a hand to the mouth. If the lowering of the maximum frequency functions in orang-utans as it does in other animals, two predictions follow: (i) kiss squeak frequency is related to body size and (ii) the use of leaves will occur in situations of most acute danger. Supporting these predictions, kiss squeaks without tools decreased with body size and kiss squeaks with leaves were only emitted by highly distressed individuals. Moreover, we found indications that the calls were under volitional control. This finding is significant for at least two reasons. First, although few animal species are known to deceptively lower the maximum frequency of their calls to exaggerate their perceived size to the listener (e.g. vocal tract elongation in male deer) it has never been reported that animals may use tools to achieve this, or that they are primates. Second, it shows that the orang-utan culture extends into the communicative domain, thus challenging the traditional assumption that primate calling behaviour is overall purely emotional. 相似文献
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Pepsinogen levels in ape stomachs were comparable to those in macaques and significantly higher than those in the stomachs of other mammals, including carnivores and ruminants. The occurrence of multiple forms of pepsinogens was remarkable. Nine, sixteen, eight, and fourteen pepsinogens were purified or partially purified from the gastric mucosa of a gibbon, orang-utan, gorilla, and chimpanzee, respectively. Most of these were type-A pepsinogens, and only one type-C pepsinogen was identified in each ape. The two types could be readily distinguished by staining for proteolytic activity on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in the presence/absence of pepstatin. Type-A pepsinogens were further divided into two subtypes. One subtype, constituting a major group of pepsinogens in apes, exhibited high hemoglobin-digestive activity. The other subtype was specified by a relatively high content of Lys and low hemoglobin-digestive activity. It is likely that pepsinogen-A genes have been duplicated several times as hominoids, including humans, evolved in the primate lineage. The presence of multiple pepsinogens in apes might be advantageous in the efficient digestion of a wide variety of foods. 相似文献
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Urinary concentrations of estrone, estradiol-17Β, estriol, pregnanediol-3α-glucuronide, and chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) were
measured by radio-immunoassy through five pregnancies in four multiparous orang-utans. The excretion of all three estrogen
metabolites increased substantially during pregnancy. Although estrone was the major metabolite during early pregnancy, estriol
excretion increased considerably, to reach 10 times the concentration of estrone at term. Estradiol-17Β was of comparatively
minor importance. Maximum CG excretion occurred during the first trimester and low but constant levels were present in urine
throughout the remainder of pregnancy. An early peak of pregnanediol-3α-glucuronide excretion coincided with the CG peak and
then rose steadily to reach a plateau 8 weeks prepartum which was maintained until term. Urinary excretion of all five hormones
decreased rapidly immediately following parturition. These data suggest that the pattern of urinary steroid and CG excretion
during pregnancy in the orang-utan closely resembles that in the other great apes and women. 相似文献