Enclosure experiment on the control mechanism of planktonic bacterial standing stock

In order to understand the control mechanisms of a large, stable bacterial standing stock, enclosure experiments were conducted in a eutrophic lake, where both bacterial productivity and grazing pressure were very high. Total bacterial number in the different enclosures ranged from 1.2 to 2.7×10⁷ cells mL⁻¹ throughout the experiment. The average bacterial cell production rate estimated from a grazer eliminating experiment was 6.3×10⁵ cells mL⁻¹ h⁻¹. Difference in the bacterial cell production rate between shaded and unshaded enclosures was not apparent. Bacteria showed a reduction in standing stock of only about 25–30% even after the supply of light was cut to 1%. Bacteria in the shaded enclosures then recovered their production rate in the first 12 days of perturbation. Grazing pressure in the shaded enclosures was not less than that for the control. Thus, it was considered a control mechanism of bacterial stable standing stock that the bacteria shifted their organic substrate from extracellular dissolved organic carbon freshly released from phytoplankton to that already stocked in the water column, though it is not known whether the dominant bacteria were the same.     

Comparison of ecophysiological responses to heavy snow in two varieties ofAucuba japonica with different areas of distribution

Aucuba japonica varieties are common evergreen understory shrubs in Japan.Aucuba japonica var.borealis is distributed on the Sea of Japan side of Honshu and Hokkaido where heavy snow cover lasts for more than 3 months in winter.Aucuba japonica var.japonica is distributed in areas with shallow or no snow on the Pacific Ocean side of Honshu and Shikoku. The ecophysiological characteristics of var.borealis were compared with those of var.japonica to examine the effects of heavy and long-term snow cover on the life cycle of var.borealis. Shoots of both varieties were shaded in crushed ice for 110 days, but their photosynthetic activities, chlorophyll contents and the chlorophylla/b ratio was not affected. The leaves of var.borealis were no less frost tolerant than those of var.japonica. In spite of the difference in environmental factors, both varieties had similar characteristics in seasonal changes of photosynthesis, respiration and chlorophylla/b ratio. These results suggest that var.japonica could survive in areas with heavy snow where it does not normally occur. Leaf net production (LNP) was estimated based on the microclimatic data and seasonal photosynthetic and respiration rates. The difference in the annual LNP between the two varieties was equivalent to the difference in the LNP during the snow season. One of the major effects of snow cover is to interrupt and reduce the production period of var.borealis.     

Effect of mutual shading on the emergence of nodal roots and the root/shoot ratio of maize

The effect of mutual shading on the root/shoot ratio and on the number of nodal roots of maize was studied. Plants of two varieties (Dea and LG2281) were grown in individual pots of 9 L, at three plant densities: 7.5, 11 and 15 plants m^–2. A control experiment was carried out in order to study if root growth was affected by the small size of the pots. Maize plants (cv Dea) were grown at a low plant density (7.5 plants m^–2) in pots of two different volumes (9 and 25 L respectively). In both experiments plants were watered every two hours with a nutrient solution. Some plants were sampled at five dates in the main experiment and the following data were recorded: foliar stage; root, stem and leaf dry weight; number of root primordia and number of emerged roots per phytomer. The final sampling date occurred at silking.Results of the control experiment showed that the root biomass was lower in small pots but the number of nodal roots per phytomer was not affected.Results of the main experiment showed that the total plant biomass and the root/shoot ratio were lower at high plant density. The number of emerged roots was strongly reduced on the upper phytomer (P₈). This reduction was mainly due to a lower percentage of root primordia which elongated. A proposed interpretation is that the number of roots which emerge on upper phytomers is controlled by carbohydrate availability.     

A model for light-limited continuous cultures: growth, shading, and maintenance

Light-limited growth in continuous cultures of phototrophic organisms is modeled. It is assumed that light energy up-take rate depends hyperbolically on light intensity and that the maintenance costs are proportional to biomass. Modeling the light distribution caused by shading within the vessel is necessary to explain the existence of steady state in light-limited chemostats. The model fits well to experimental data from literature on light-limited chemostats and turbidostats. Attention is given to the implications of the model for the estimation of the specific maintenance rate constant in light-limited continuous cultures.     

遮荫处理对芍药幼苗生长和矿质营养积累的影响

遮荫是保护芍药幼苗生长的重要措施。本试验研究了不同遮荫处理对多伦芍药幼苗生长特性和矿质营养积累的影响,以便为多伦芍药幼苗栽培提供指导。采用盆栽试验,研究不遮荫(CK)、出苗一周后20%遮荫、40%遮荫、60%遮荫和80%遮荫5个处理的多伦芍药幼苗生长和矿质营养积累的变化。结果表明:与CK相比,遮荫处理显著提高了幼苗株高,增幅分别为19.9%、31.1%、52.9%、63.7%;显著降低了根生物量比和根冠比,降幅分别为21.5%、23.6%、29.2%、41.8%和40.6%、44.0%、50.9%、63.2%。40%遮荫、60%遮荫和80%遮荫显著提高了比叶面积,增幅分别为77.0%、84.1%、65.2%,显著增加了叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,增幅分别为92.3%、128.7%、98.1%和86.9%、113.1%、90.5%,显著降低了根生物量,降幅分别为61.4%、74.3%、78.6%。与CK、20%遮荫、40%遮荫和80%遮荫处理相比,60%遮荫显著提高了根中磷含量,增幅分别为245.7%、65.9%、40.5%、10.3%;60%遮荫处理的根中钾和镁含量显著高于其他处理,比CK、20%遮荫、40%遮荫和80%遮荫处理分别高102.9%、131.7%、57.0%、63.3%和131.3%、55.1%、40.4%、7.7%。本试验条件下,60%遮荫是多伦芍药幼苗生长适宜的光照条件。     

遮光处理对草珊瑚光合特性及叶片解剖结构的影响

为探索遮光处理对草珊瑚光合特性及叶片解剖结构的影响,为草珊瑚的科学栽培提供理论依据。该研究以2年生草珊瑚为材料,设置全光照(L_0)及50%(L_(50))、70%(L_(70))和90%(L_(90))遮光处理,测定分析其光合特性和叶片解剖结构以及植株生长的变化。结果表明:(1)随着遮光率的增加,草珊瑚叶面光合有效辐射(PAR)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)逐渐减小,胞间二氧化碳浓度(C_i)先减少后增加,净光合速率(P_n)先增加后减少,并在L_(50)和L_(70)处理下具有较低的PAR、G_s、T_r和C_i,光合‘午休’现象得到有效缓解,表现出更高的P_n。(2)随着遮光率的增加,草珊瑚光补偿点(LCP)逐渐下降,光饱和点(LSP)、暗呼吸速率(R_d)先升高后下降,表观量子效率(AQE)逐渐上升,叶片最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))先升高后下降,并在L_(50)和L_(70)处理下具有较低的LCP,较高的LSP和AQE,以及更高的最大净光合速率。(3)随着遮光率的增加,草珊瑚叶片、表皮细胞、栅栏组织和海绵组织的厚度明显增加,角质层厚度逐渐变薄;在L_(50)和L_(70)处理下,草珊瑚叶片栅栏组织和海绵组织发达,栅栏组织细胞长度变短,海绵组织厚度显著增加,细胞排列疏松,叶绿体数量显著增加;叶肉细胞和叶绿体结构完整,基粒类囊体和基质类囊体片层结构发达,叶片捕获光能力增强。(4)随着遮光率的增加,草珊瑚株高、地径、总叶面积数及单株生物量先增加后减少,并在L_(70)处理下均达到峰值,分别为58.58 cm、5.09 mm、1 038.53 cm~2和15.50 g。研究认为,草珊瑚具有一定的弱光耐受力和光可塑性,50%～70%遮光处理有利于草珊瑚生长,在实际生产中可根据该光照范围选择合适的间套作林分或进行适当的遮光处理。     

遮荫对彩叶植物矾根夏季适应性表型的影响

以彩叶植物矾根(Heuchera micrantha)‘蜜桃’(‘Georgia Peach’)、‘小珍珠’(‘Petite pearl fairy’)、‘花毯’ (‘Tapestry’)为材料,研究不同遮荫处理对矾根观赏特征、高温半致死温度以及成活率的影响。结果表明,在遮荫条件下,三个矾根品种株高增加、叶面积变大、花序变长、开花推迟,‘蜜桃’和‘小珍珠’花期延长,‘花毯’花期缩短。遮荫引起‘蜜桃’和‘小珍珠’叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量显著上升,花色素苷含量明显下降,叶色由红、紫色向灰绿色转变,叶片彩化度下降;‘花毯’的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和花青素含量均随遮荫度增加显著上升,其叶色由浅绿转为深绿,叶脉紫红色加重,彩化度提高,观赏性增强。随着遮荫度提高,三个矾根品种的高温半致死温度明显升高,成活率显著上升。相关性分析表明,三个矾根品种的成活率与最高气温、最大光强、气温、光强分别存在极显著负相关关系,与相对湿度以及该品种的高温半致死温度分别存在极显著正相关关系。多元逐步回归分析表明,高光强是引起‘蜜桃’成活率下降的关键因素,‘小珍珠’的成活率主要取决于高温半致死温度,‘花毯’的成活率主要受极端高温的影响。     

5-氨基乙酰丙酸对苹果叶片耐弱光能力的影响

为了探讨5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)对苹果耐弱光性的影响,以‘润太2号’和‘郑优3号’两个品种苹果为材料,设置露天对照(CK)、轻度遮荫(LS)和重度遮荫(SS)3种光照条件,通过根际浇灌法研究了10mg·L~(-1) ALA处理对弱光条件下苹果叶片活性氧代谢与叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果显示:(1)与CK相比,弱光胁迫显著降低了两品种苹果叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,增大了超氧阴离子(O_2~(-·))产生速率以及过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,且‘郑优3号’的活性氧产生速率及MDA含量在弱光下的升高幅度更大;ALA处理显著提高了弱光胁迫下两品种的保护酶活性,降低了活性氧产生速率和MDA含量,并以耐弱光性较差的‘郑优3号’的变化更显著。(2)在弱光胁迫下,苹果叶片的叶绿素含量和叶绿素b/a升高,而ALA处理使二者进一步显著升高。(3)弱光胁迫下,苹果叶片的叶绿素荧光参数V_J、M_o、DI_o/RC显著升高,而ψ_o、ψE_o、ψR_o、PI_(ABS)、PI_(CS)和PI_(total)显著降低;ALA处理抑制了叶绿素荧光参数在弱光胁迫下的变化,甚至使其达到优于对照的水平。研究表明,弱光条件下苹果的抗氧化能力较差,受到明显的氧化伤害,且‘郑优3号’的耐弱光能力比‘润太2号’差;ALA处理提高了苹果在弱光下的抗氧化能力,降低了弱光对苹果叶片的氧化伤害,同时还提高了弱光条件下苹果叶片捕捉、传递和转化光能的效率,改善了光合电子传递情况,增大了苹果叶片在弱光胁迫下的光能利用效率,改善了光合性能;根灌ALA可以明显提高苹果的耐弱光性。     

Effects of parental light environment on growth and morphological responses of clonal offspring

• Environments experienced by parent ramets of clonal plants can potentially influence fitness of clonal offspring ramets. Such clonal parental effects may result from heritable epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, which can be removed by application of DNA de‐methylation agents such as 5‐azacytidine.
• To test whether parental shading effects occur via clonal generation and whether DNA methylation plays a role in such effects, parent plants of the clonal herb Alternanthera philoxeroides were first subjected to two levels of light intensity (high versus low) crossed with two levels of DNA de‐methylation (no or with de‐methylation by application of 5‐azacytidine), and then clonal offspring taken from each of these four types of parent plant were subjected to the same two light levels.
• Parental shading effects transmitted via clonal generation decreased growth and modified morphology of clonal offspring. Offspring responses were also influenced by DNA methylation level of parent plants. For clonal offspring growing under low light, parental shading effects on growth and morphology were always negative, irrespective of the parental de‐methylation treatment. For clonal offspring growing under high light, parental shading effects on offspring growth and morphology were negative when the parents were not treated with 5‐azacytidine, but neutral when they were treated with 5‐azacytidine.
• Overall, parental shading effects on clonal offspring performance of A. philoxeroides were found, and DNA methylation is likely to be involved in such effects. However, parental shading effects contributed little to the tolerance of clonal offspring to shading.

     

遮光处理对观赏栀子氮、磷、钾分配与生长的影响

为探究观赏栀子在不同遮光条件下生长和光合及氮、磷、钾(N、P、K)分配的规律,该研究对3种观赏栀子设置5种不同的遮光处理(0%、60%、70%、80%、90%),通过对观赏栀子的生长和光合及各器官N、P、K含量进行统计与分析,探究了不同遮光处理对观赏栀子栽植效果的影响。结果表明:(1)60%和0%遮光率的大花栀子、80%和70%遮光率的雀舌栀子、0%遮光率的花叶栀子均长势较好。(2)随着遮光率的增加,雀舌栀子和花叶栀子的净光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度、蒸腾速率逐渐降低,气孔导度、水分瞬时利用率在遮光率60%下达到最大值。(3)大花栀子总N量最高,器官含N量高低排序为叶、根、茎; 雀舌栀子总P量最高,器官含P量排序为根、茎、叶; 大花栀子在90%遮光率下含K量最高。综合考虑认为,雀舌栀子更耐荫蔽,适合在80%和70%的遮光条件下生长; 大花栀子次之,适合在60%和0%遮光条件下生长; 花叶栀子最不耐荫,适合在0%遮光条件下生长。