山东东营凹陷早第三纪沙一段介形虫丰度的不均匀性及其地质意义

东营凹陷四个钻孔（２．下２－观１８、滨２９７、牛１０１、樊１０１）沙河街组一段岩心样品介形虫化石丰度统计表明：１）不同的岩性介形虫化石丰度可以有很大不同;２）同一钻孔垂向上不同层段中介形虫化石丰度也显示出不均匀性;３）在岩心层面上,介形虫化石的分布有六种形式：密集分布、零星分布、簇状分布、条带状分布、虫穴充填、裂缝充填。除前两者外,均显示出层面上化石分布的不均匀性。造成上述化石丰度不均匀性的原因包括生态学和埋葬学两种因素。最后文中讨论了这种化石丰度不均匀性所反映的地质意义。     

The influence of transport phenomena during high-pressure processing of packed food on the uniformity of enzyme inactivation

Here we deal with the influence of heat-transport effects on a high-pressure-induced enzyme inactivation in packed substances. Special attention is given to the influence of the geometrical scale and to the heat-transfer characteristics of the packaging material. The investigation is based on mathematical modeling and numerical simulation. The method accounts both for compression phase and holding phase. The model includes convective and conductive heat transfer, fluid motion as well as an enzyme transport equation with a first-order kinetic source term accounting for the inactivation. Three configurations with a total volume of 0.8 L, 6.3 L, and 50.3 L are considered. The pressure medium is water. The enzyme solution is B. subtilis alpha-amylase dissolved in a TRIS-HCl-buffer. The packaging material is polypropylene. The heat-transfer coefficient for conduction through the packaging material is varied to simulate both changes in the material properties as well as modifications of the packaging material thickness. It is found that the efficiency of the inactivation increases with increasing chamber volume as long as the kinetic inactivation constant is increasing with temperature. In the considered case the activity retention obtained in a 0.8 L volume is about 2.4 times larger than the one obtained for the same process carried out in a 50.3 L volume. Furthermore, it was found that the properties of the packaging material could induce a significant degree of nonuniformity (worst case = 69%). An appropriate choice of the material can lead to maximum inactivation and maximum process uniformity since advantage is taken from the slow heat exchange after the compression phase.