Acetylcholinesterase in Mouse Neuroblastoma NB2A Cells: Analysis of Production, Secretion, and Molecular Forms

The mouse neuroblastoma cell line NB2A produces cellular and secreted acetylcholinesterase (AChE). After incubation of the cells for 4 days the ratio between AChE secreted into the medium and AChE in the cells was 1:1. The cell-associated enzyme could be subdivided into soluble AChE (25%) and detergent-soluble AChE (75%). Both extracts contained predominantly monomeric AChE (4.6S) and minor amounts of tetrameric AChE (10.6S), whereas the secreted AChE in the culture supernatant contained only the tetrameric form. All forms were partially purified by affinity chromatography. It could be demonstrated that the secretory and the intracellular soluble tetramers were hydrophilic, whereas the detergent-soluble tetramer was an amphiphilic protein. On the other hand the soluble and the detergent-soluble monomeric forms were amphiphilic and their activity depended on the presence of detergent. By digestion with proteinase K amphiphilic monomeric and tetrameric AChE could be converted to a hydrophilic form that no longer required detergent for catalytic activity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [3H]diisopropylfluorophosphate-labelled AChE gave one band at 64 kilodaltons (kD) under reducing conditions and two additional bands at 120 kD and 140 kD under nonreducing conditions.     

The importance of Loch Lomond National Nature Reserve for Fish

Loch Lomond NNR with 19 fish species is ranked top in fish conservation value of 235 NNRs in Great Britain due to species diversity, presence of rare species and unusual forms and combinations.     

Dynamic approaches to the mechanism of photosynthesis

An account of the author's life and scientific research is presented. Two main lines of research have been pursued: (1) Studies on the physiological aspect of photosynthesis started from experiments with crops under field conditions and then extended to the study of photosynthesis in nature; and (2) studies on the mechanism of photophosphorylation and related problems which began with the measurement of quantum requirement of photophosphorylation. This work led to the discovery of the high energy state of phosphorylation and many other interesting findings. In recent years, efforts have been made to study the operation and regulation of photosynthetic apparatus with a view to link the above-mentioned lines of research together.Written at the invitation of Govindjee.     

广东车八岭国家级自然保护区种子植物区系研究

车八岭国家级自然保护区种子植物区系种类丰富,含１６１科６４５属１３４５种（包括种下等级）,并有相当数量的古老种类和１４种珍稀濒危重点保护植物。壳斗科Ｆａｇａｃｅａｅ、樟科Ｌａｕｒａｃｅａｅ、茶科Ｔｈｅａｃｅａｅ、木兰科Ｍａｇｎｏｌｉａｃｅａｅ以及杜英科Ｅｌａｅｏｃａｒｐａｃｅａｅ、安息香科Ｓｔｙｒａｃａｃｅａｅ、全缕梅科Ｈａｍａｍｅｌｉｄａｃｅａｅ等是该区系的主要表征科,构成了其各森林类型的主要树种组成。种子植物区系成分较为复杂,主要表现在科地理成分的广泛性和属地理成分的多样性,而以热带—亚热带成分占明显的优势,热带及温带区系成分均有相当的影响,各类成分交错渗透,叠置分布。本文对车八岭国家级自然保护区植物区系的归属,广东与云南植物区系的关系等争议问题展开了讨论,认为车八岭自然保护区植物区系是中亚热带向南亚热带过渡的区系类型,为华南植物亚区的组成部分,隶属于古热带植物区。广东与云南植物区系关系密切,极可能具有同一起源（华夏植物区系）,宜划入同一植物亚区。     

海南潜在世界自然遗产地的突出普遍价值初探

世界自然遗产地是全球最具有保护价值的自然保护地,强调全球突出普遍价值的完整性和在全球的唯一性。世界自然遗产有助于更好地保护生态系统的完整性和原真性,促进人类与自然的可持续发展。该研究在大量文献资料的基础上,以海南潜在世界自然遗产地(海南热带雨林国家公园)原生动植物及植被群落(亚洲北缘热带雨林)为研究对象,从植被类型、物种多样性、区系组成、特有种等生物生态过程方面,评估海南潜在世界自然遗产地的全球突出普遍价值。结果表明:(1)海南潜在世界自然遗产地分布有3 653种野生维管植物,资源植物种类丰富。陆栖脊椎动物有540种,各类野生动物占全国的比例高达10%～30%,生物多样性极高。(2)植物区系独特,海南岛的热带雨林植被区划属于印度-马来雨林群系,属马来区的部分呈现出热带性和与中国华南大陆的共源性显示出明显的热带边缘性质,为中国华南植物区系与亚洲热带雨林的过渡类型。(3)植物区系中的植物物种特有性较低,特有属仅有7个,特有种仅约占岛内植物的1/10,较低的特有性表明了其大陆起源特征,是生物多样性不可替代的元素,具有鲜明的环境指示特色。该研究明确了海南潜在世界自然遗产地在全球背景下的突出普遍价值,为海南未来申遗提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

Game theory-based stakeholder analysis of marine nature reserves and its case studies in Guangdong Province,China

Marine nature reserves (MNRs) play an important role in biodiversity conservation and ecosystem restoration, which are valuable for marine resource protection in China. Many stakeholders are involved in MNRs. The interactions between MNR managers and other stakeholders affect the effectiveness of MNR management. This work divided MNR stakeholders into three categories and applied the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to identify the key stakeholders. The game model was set up to analyze the strategies of MNR staff and stakeholders. The situation of key stakeholders and management was studied in two MNRs in Guangdong Province through field research and questionnaires. The results showed that fishermen were the main stakeholders in the two cases. The strategies adopted by MNR staff to improve the efficiency of law enforcement and decrease the probability of illegal activities of fishermen are to increase penalties, improve the arrest rate of illegal activities, and reduce the cost of law enforcement per patrol. We suggested that the fishermen’s negative impacts could be minimized by establishing a market management system to reduce illegal earnings, a record-keeping system to share additional benefits only with the fishermen who comply with the law, and an association mechanism in the coastal province to control illegal fishing across provincial boundaries. Identifying key stakeholders and analyzing their relationships could be helpful to find out the best strategy for different MNRs. Building a community of shared interests among various stakeholders could be a promising way to resolve conflicts and improve management effectiveness in MNRs.     

全域旅游发展背景下旅游用地概念及分类——社会生态系统视角

随着全域旅游的实施,旅游用地的内涵和外延在不断拓展,旅游用地的综合性、复合性、多效益性以及空间分布的叠加性日益增强。传统的旅游用地概念内涵不清,分类支离破碎,过分强调功能,缺乏系统时空结构的阐述,导致旅游用地规划难以与其他规划相协调,资源可持续利用和区域整合发展受阻,旅游用地概念和分类面临严峻挑战。在分析旅游用地概念及分类现状,探讨存在的弊端和问题的基础上,基于旅游用地社会生态系统时空结构分析对全域旅游背景下旅游用地进行了概念界定和分类。设旅游用地为一级类,下设资源系统用地、用户系统用地、基底系统用地、相互联系用地4个二级类,资源管理用地等20个三级类用地和地文景观用地等53个四级类。并对全域旅游背景下旅游用地的概念及分类进行了讨论,认为:社会生态系统理念涵盖了全域旅游的全部内涵,重视系统的层级、结构、功能、演进和相互联系,利于构建不同时空阶段的旅游用地类型的用地结构标准,促进旅游用地的规范化、分类化管理,旅游用地的时序化和动态化预测和引导;重视生态功能和社会效益,有利于旅游用地生态环境质量和综合效益的提升;涵盖核心景区及外围要素,有利于解决景区与社区的矛盾,促进全域旅游的开展和区域可持续发展;强调旅游用地的复合性、综合性,有利于旅游规划与其他规划的融合。     

海洋自然保护区生态保护补偿机制

在提炼生态保护补偿概念内涵的基础上,综合考虑政策目标、海洋环境自然属性、自然保护区区域特殊性以及我国制度环境,明确了海洋自然保护区生态保护补偿的思路;根据相关法律法规,结合生态系统服务分析,对海洋自然保护区生态保护补偿机制的主体、客体和补偿标准进行了讨论。研究结果表明,海洋自然保护区生态保护补偿应该以持续的生态效益供给为目标,以正外部性内部化为基本原理;海洋自然保护区生态保护补偿的主体是国家,由相关政府部门代表国家履行补偿责任;补偿客体为保护区周边居民和保护区管理机构,对周边居民的补偿标准以其为保护区牺牲的生态效益价值来确定,对管理机构的补偿标准以其使保护区增加的生态效益价值来确定。在构建补偿机制框架后,探讨了保护区运营资金支持和补偿标准公信力等问题,为后续的研究实践提供参考与借鉴。     

旅游生态系统能值研究进展

能值分析是以能值为基准,通过能值转换率,有效测度与评价生态系统及经济系统中不同类型的物质流、能量流、货币流及其相互关系的方法。旅游生态系统是特殊类型的人地关系地域系统,是以旅游活动为中心的"自然、经济、社会、旅游"复合系统,利用能值方法进行旅游能值研究可以为旅游可持续发展提供科学建议。通过对国内外相关研究重要文献的梳理,从旅游能值研究尺度与类型角度,分析了国内外相关研究进展,并通过与农业、工业系统的能值研究对比分析,目前研究在理论推进、要素选择、指标构建、方法集成等4个方面,旅游生态系统能值研究存在特殊性,并从理论、方法、内容等3个角度,提出了今后旅游能值研究的方向,以期推动旅游系统能值研究的深入。     

旅游环境舒适度评价及其时空分异——以杭州西湖为例

旅游环境舒适度是影响旅游者出行决策和消费行为的重要因素,进一步影响到目的地适游期长短和旅游设施利用率。影响旅游舒适度的因素主要包括气候与环境两方面。以杭州西湖景区为研究对象,尝试将影响舒适度的空气质量、噪音等环境因素与气候因素共同纳入评价体系,选取温度、相对湿度、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、噪音5项指标和6个代表性检测点,进行为期1a定时定点检测,在排除二氧化碳与一氧化碳影响的基础上,构建了旅游环境舒适度评价模型,研究景区尺度存在的旅游环境舒适度时空分异特征。研究发现:不舒适时段主要集中在1月上旬到2月下旬,舒适和较舒适时段主要集中于2月下旬到7月中旬、8月下旬到11月下旬;山区与湖区各项环境指标要优于近城区、游客集聚区及交通繁忙区,平均舒适度山区(1.30)湖心区(1.66)城区(1.82)近城区(2.02)游人集聚区(2.47)交通繁忙区(2.48)。6个观测点在不同时段表现的舒适度差异也不同,差异最大的时段出现在4月中旬到5月中旬,差异最小时段出现在1月上旬到2月下旬。温湿度与噪音存在反向协同作用,引起环境舒适度变化。温湿度舒适时段往往旅游活动频繁,导致噪音升高降低了旅游环境舒适度。温湿度不舒适期旅游活动减少使得声环境相对舒适。