Skin‐Inspired Low‐Grade Heat Energy Harvesting Using Directed Ionic Flow through Conical Nanochannels

Low‐grade heat energies are ubiquitous, and most of these energies are untapped as heated river water or seawater. Therefore, it is meaningful and valuable to extract the stored energies in the context of the energy crisis by using a simple device with low‐cost effectiveness. Here, a simple thermoelectric conversion system is shown using directed ionic flow through the biomimetic smart nanochannels, inspired by the human skin. The obtained power density of the nanodevice can ideally be 88.8 W m^?2 with a membrane temperature gradient (ΔT) of 40 °C. As proof of concept, it is demonstrated that the principle can be introduced into simple and portable prototypes to harvest low‐grade heat. Such a thermoelectric conversion apparatus provides a new venue for low‐grade heat harvesting. In addition, this self‐powered system may extend the electronic skin field and find applications in skin prosthetics.     

Protein-enabled detection of ibuprofen and sulfamethoxazole using solid-state nanopores

Enabled by proteins, we present an all-electrical method for rapid detection of small pharmaceuticals (ibuprofen and sulfamethoxazole [SMZ]) in aqueous media using silicon nitride pores. Specifically, we use carrier proteins, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and take advantage of their interactions with two small drug molecules to form BSA–drug complexes which can be detected by nm-diameter pores, thereby confirming the presence of small pharmaceuticals. We demonstrate detection of ibuprofen and SMZ at concentrations down to 100 nM (∼21 μg/L) and 48.5 nM (12 μg/L), respectively. We observe changes in electrical signal characteristics (reflected in event durations, rates, current magnitudes, and estimated particle diameters) of BSA–drug complexes compared to BSA-only, and differences between these two small pharmaceuticals, possibly paving a path toward developing selective sensors by identifying “electrical fingerprints” of these molecules in the future. These distinct electrical signals are likely a combined result of diffusion, electrophoretic and electroosmotic effects, interactions between the pore and particles, which depend on pore diameters, pH, and the resulting surface charges. The use of single-molecule-counting nanopores allows sensing of small pharmaceuticals, studies of protein conformational changes, and may aid in efforts to evaluate the impact of small drug molecules on aquatic and human life.     

Neurite development in PC12 cells cultured on nanopillars and nanopores with sizes comparable with filopodia

We investigated the effect ofnanoscale topography on neurite development in pheochromocytoma (PC12 cells) by culturing the cells on substrates having nanoscale pillars and pores with sizes comparable with filipodia. We found that cells on nanopillars and nanopores developed fewer and shorter neurites than cells on smooth substrates, and that cells on nanopores developed more and longer neurites than cells on nanopillars. These results suggest that PC12 cells were spatially aware of the difference in the nanoscale structures of the underlying substrates and responded differently in their neurite extension. This finding points to the possibility of using nanoscale topographic features to control neurite development in neurons.     

实现“终极版”核苷酸测序仪的技术要素

20世纪70年代发明的第一代DNA测序技术,尽管测序通量有限,却成功地保证了“人类基因组计划”的实施;世纪之交出现的下一代(第二代) DNA测序技术经历了通量飞跃,为各种精准医学项目的实施提供了保障;目前的第三代技术,尽管通量居二代之后,但读长和单分子测序优势也让其有立足之本;第四代测序技术的基本标志是不经过cDNA (以RNA为模版合成的互补DNA),无PCR扩增,而直接测定单分子RNA序列,以及确定单分子RNA上的修饰核苷酸位点。从技术的角度看,第三、四代技术有一定技术要素共享(比如在单分子水平测定DNA序列),但是就测序对象而言,第四代应该属于“终极版”核苷酸测序仪：可以从单细胞出发,既能测定DNA序列,也可以测定RNA序列,也可以直接确定修饰核苷酸位点。因此,要实现这个“终极版”核苷酸测序仪,就要调动相关核心技术要素,而这些要素毫无疑问地会涉及物理、化学、工程学、生物学、半导体科学、计算机科学等领域的前沿技术,包括纳米科学、单分子光学、单分子拉曼光谱、单分子核磁共振、单分子酶学、人工智能等所谓的“硬科技”。其功能是从单细胞的裂解开始,经微纳结构实现组分分流后,直接导入RNA序列测定单元,定量分析细胞RNA分子的种类、数量、序列和修饰核苷酸位点的存在频率。本文系统介绍了第四代测序仪的可能技术要素,以及应用需求和新研究范式。     

DNA sequencing: an overview of solid-state and biological nanopore-based methods

The field of sequencing is a topic of significant interest since its emergence and has become increasingly important over time. Impressive achievements have been obtained in this field, especially in relations to DNA and RNA sequencing. Since the first achievements by Sanger and colleagues in the 1950s, many sequencing techniques have been developed, while others have disappeared. DNA sequencing has undergone three generations of major evolution. Each generation has its own specifications that are mentioned briefly. Among these generations, nanopore sequencing has its own exciting characteristics that have been given more attention here. Among pioneer technologies being used by the third-generation techniques, nanopores, either biological or solid-state, have been experimentally or theoretically extensively studied. All sequencing technologies have their own advantages and disadvantages, so nanopores are not free from this general rule. It is also generally pointed out what research has been done to overcome the obstacles. In this review, biological and solid-state nanopores are elaborated on, and applications of them are also discussed briefly.     

Local response in nanopores

In this work the transient time correlation function (TTCF) algorithm is applied to study highly confined molecular fluids. We focus on linear polymer chains of various lengths trapped in a slab pore which is a few nanometres thick and made of atomistic walls, and the behaviour and response of the polymer melt subject to shear flow are considered. The shearing is produced by shifting the walls in opposite directions, and the temperature inside the channel is controlled by a thermostat applied to the wall atoms alone, so as to mimic the dissipation of heat as it occurs in real devices. It is shown how the TTCF algorithm can be applied to extract the fluid's dynamical and structural properties as they evolve from equilibrium and until a steady state has been established. We note that this procedure is applicable to fluids of any complexity and down to extremely low fields, comparable to those present in experimental devices. It is also shown that this technique can be used to probe local properties at specific locations across the channel. This feature is of particular significance because liquid properties inside nanoconfined geometries are mostly determined by the interactions at the interface and specifically by the structural reordering which affects the first few atomic/molecular layers close to the wall surface, e.g. slip.     

Nanometer scale pores similar in size to the entrance of the ribosomal exit cavity are a common feature of large RNAs

The highly conserved peptidyl transferase center (PTC) of the ribosome contains an RNA pore that serves as the entrance to the exit tunnel. Analysis of available ribosome crystal structures has revealed the presence of multiple additional well-defined pores of comparable size in the ribosomal (rRNA) RNAs. These typically have dimensions of 1–2 nm, with a total area of ∼100 Ų or more, and most are associated with one or more ribosomal proteins. The PTC example and the other rRNA pores result from the packing of helices. However, in the non-PTC cases the nitrogenous bases do not protrude into the pore, thereby limiting the potential for hydrogen bonding within the pore. Instead, it is the RNA backbone that largely defines the pore likely resulting in a negatively charged environment. In many but not all cases, ribosomal proteins are associated with the pores to a greater or lesser extent. With the exception of the PTC case, the large subunit pores are not found in what are thought to be the evolutionarily oldest regions of the 23S rRNA. The unusual nature of the PTC pore may reflect a history of being created by hybridization between two or more RNAs early in evolution rather than simple folding of a single RNA. An initial survey of nonribosomal RNA crystal structures revealed additional pores, thereby showing that they are likely a general feature of RNA tertiary structure.     

Mechanism of Sodium Storage in Hard Carbon: An X‐Ray Scattering Analysis

Hard carbon is a standard anode material for Na‐ion batteries. However, its low crystallinity and diverse microstructures make obtaining a full understanding of the sodium storage mechanism challenging. Here, the results of a systematic ex situ small and wide angle X‐ray scattering study of a series of nanostructured hard carbons, which reveal clear evidence of sodium storage in the graphene–graphene interlayers and nanopores, are presented. Particularly, an emergence of a broad peak around q ≈ 2.0–2.1 Å^?1 in the low voltage region is suggested to be an indicator that sodium is densely confined in the nanopores. Thus, classical X‐ray scattering techniques are demonstrated to be effective in elucidating the overall reaction scheme of Na insertion into hard carbon.