The economics of monocropping and intercropping by smallholders: The case of coconuts in Indonesia

This article contains a comparison of the profits of cultivating modern and traditional varieties of coconuts as a monocrop and as an intercrop, in ideal and in average growing conditions, with good and with average management. We carry out the analysis from a private (financial) and from a national (economic) perspective. The results show that intercropping generates more income than monocropping. In the conclusion we discuss why development organizations and Third World countries encourage monocropping.     

间作药材与接种内生真菌对连作花生土壤微生物区系及产量的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了药用植物间作及接种内生菌拟茎点霉B3的菌丝对连作花生(Archis hypogaea)红壤微生物区系及花生产量的影响,以探索花生连作障碍的生物防治措施。结果表明,药材间作和接种B3能够显著减少土壤霉菌数量、增加土壤细菌数量和土壤蔗糖酶活性,增加花生超氧化物歧化酶(SOD酶)活性和花生产量。与花生单作相比,茅苍术(Atractylodes lancea)/京大戟(Euphorbia pekinensis)间作花生产量增加9%-22%,接种B3处理花生产量增加24%。茅苍术/京大戟和花生间作处理配合接种B3后,花生产量分别较未接种B3处理增加30%和4%。其中茅苍术花生间作配合接种B3处理的花生产量最高,比对照(P)花生产量高59%,比单独接种B3处理(PB3)的花生产量高28%;京大戟花生间作配合接种B3处理(PEB3)的花生产量比对照增加13%,但不及单独接种B3处理(PB3)。这表明茅苍术间作和接种B3具有协同提高花生产量的作用,而京大戟或许对B3的功能发挥有一定抑制作用。     

施加角担子菌B6对连作西瓜土壤微环境和西瓜生长的影响

在盆栽条件下,研究了施加角担子菌B6的菌丝对连作西瓜的土壤微生物区系以及产量的影响,以探索西瓜连作障碍的生物防治措施。施加B6的活菌丝(C)显著减少土壤中真菌的数量、增加细菌/放线菌的比例,在西瓜成熟期,与对照(A)和施加灭活的B6菌丝(B)相比,土壤中尖孢镰刀菌(FO)的数量分别减少了29.9%和63.3%。相比对照(A),在成熟期,C处理中土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和多酚氧化酶的活力分别提高了19.0%、159.0%和31.3%;西瓜超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性分别增加32.7%和4.6%,西瓜根系活力(TTC法)增强46.2%,丙二醛(MDA)含量减少51.4%。与对照(A)和施加灭活B6菌(B)相比,施加B6菌(C)后,西瓜单果重分别增加44.8%和40.9%,总产量分别增加103.8%和64.9%,可溶性糖含量分别增加35.1%和10.0%。施加B6的活菌丝能够通过改善土壤微环境,提高西瓜植株的抵抗力,进而增加产量。     

新疆长期棉花连作对土壤理化性状与线虫群落的影响

土壤线虫群落特征是评价和指示土壤生态系统健康状况的重要依据。本研究选取不同连作年限(5、10、15、20和25年)的棉田为样地,采用高通量测序技术,探究土壤性状和线虫群落对棉田长期连作的响应。结果表明: 棉田连作10～15年后,土壤pH、电导率显著升高,有机碳、全氮、有效磷、有效钾、硝态氮含量和土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)显著降低。在连作棉田中共鉴定出土壤线虫3纲7目18科25属,其中螺旋属在不同连作年限的棉田土壤中均为优势属;土壤植物寄生类线虫在不同连作年限中均为优势营养类群,呈现先降低后增加的趋势,连作25年较其他连作年限植物寄生类线虫增加9.1%～208.6%,其中螺旋属线虫增加了392%。随着连作年限的增加,矮化属、茎属、Discopersicus、中环属和中轮属等植物寄生类线虫被检出。连作15年的棉田土壤中,土壤线虫丰富度指数和自由生活线虫成熟度指数显著降低,植物寄生线虫成熟度指数/自由生活线虫成熟度指数显著升高,Shannon多样性指数和瓦斯乐斯卡指数最低;有效磷和MBC是影响土壤线虫群落变化的主要环境因子。这说明棉田连作10～15年会发生土壤养分失衡,土壤线虫多样性降低,土壤食物网稳定性变差,棉花致病类植物寄生线虫增加,产生连作障碍。     

Impact of Conservation Tillage on Nematode Populations

Literature reporting the development of conservation tillage and the research that has been conducted on nematode control in crops grown in conservation tillage systems is reviewed. Effects of different types of conservation tillage on population densities of various nematode species in monocropping and multicropping systems, effects of tillage on nematode distribution in the soil profile, effects of conservation tillage on nematode control, and the role of nematology in conservation tillage research are discussed.     

玉米、小麦与花生间作改善花生铁营养机制的探讨

采用土培盆栽方法模拟研究了玉米／花生、小麦／花生间作对花生铁营养状况的影响及其作用机制。结果表明,禾本科作物与花生间作对花生的铁营养状况有显著影响：当花生与玉米或小麦分别间作时,花生新叶叶色正常,而花生单作则表现出严重的缺铁黄化现象,间作花生新叶活性铁、叶绿素含量明显高于单作,两种间作花生各部位铁含量和吸收量明显高于单作,间作明显地促进了铁向花生地上部的转移;在单作花生表现缺铁症状１４ｄ的时间范围内,其根系质外体铁含量仅是间作花生的５２％～８０％;而根系还原力则是单作花生在表现缺铁症状后迅速提高,至缺铁第６ｄ时还原力达到最大值,随后花生根系还原力迅速下降,而间作花生在０～１４ｄ内还原力增加速度缓慢,在１０～１４ｄ中其根系还原力明显地高于单作花生根系还原力。其主要原因可能是禾本科作物玉米、小麦根系分泌物（如：麦根酸类植物铁载体）螯合土壤中难溶性铁并被花生吸收利用。     

A field study on heavy metals phytoattenuation potential of monocropping and intercropping of maize and/or legumes in weakly alkaline soils

The study focused on the phytoattenuation effects of monocropping and intercropping of maize (Zea mays) and/or legumes on Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in weakly alkaline soils. Nine growth stages of monocropping maize were chosen to study the dynamic process of extraction of heavy metals. The total content of heavy metals extracted by the aerial part of monocropped maize increased in a sigmoidal pattern over the effective accumulative temperature. The biggest biomass, highest extraction content, and lowest heavy metals bioaccumulation level occurred at physiological maturity. Among the different planting patterns, including monocropping and intercropping of maize and/or soybean (Glycine max), pea (Pisum sativum), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa), the extraction efficiency of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd varied greatly. Only intercropping of maize and soybean yielded relatively higher extraction efficiency for the four metals with no significant difference in the total biomass. Moreover, the heavy metals concentrations in dry biomass from all the planting patterns in the present study were within China's national legal thresholds for fodder use. Therefore, slightly polluted alkaline soils can be safely used through monocropping and intercropping of maize and/or legumes for a range of purposes. In particular, this study indicated that intercropping improves soil ecosystems polluted by heavy metals compared with monocropping.     

云南省魔芋与玉米多样性栽培控制魔芋软腐病

在云南省富源县魔芋与玉米多样性栽培区设置田间试验,分析了魔芋软腐病的发病规律、植株的生长情况及发病植株病原菌的分离频率。结果表明:魔芋与玉米轮作是控制魔芋软腐病的主要措施,它可以显著降低魔芋软腐病的死亡率,且将发病高峰期延迟1个月,轮作条件下间种控病效果比单种提高59%,间种茎基部带菌率显著低于单种;间作体系内不同栽培行植株株高差异显著,发病率差异不显著,但行间发病植株欧文氏杆菌的分离频率存在显著差异,散叶期和换头期根部和茎基部病原菌分离频率与行间距呈正相关。因此,玉米魔芋轮作间种互作条件下对软腐病的防治效果最好,间作系统内部玉米对魔芋病原菌具有一定阻隔效应。