玛纳斯河流域土壤斥水性及其影响因素

土壤斥水性(SWR)阻碍入渗及再分布过程.虽然斥水土壤在世界广泛存在,但其产生机理并不明确.本文采用滴水穿透时间(WDPT)法、酒精摩尔浓度(MED)法和接触角(θ)法测定了新疆玛纳斯河流域典型土壤的SWR指标,其中θ的测定采用高度法和质量法.对WDPT是否受烘干及不同容重的影响进行对比,探讨各SWR指标之间的联系,并分析了SWR的关键理化性质影响因子,探讨土壤斥水的机理和原因.结果表明: 高容重土壤的WDPT值更大,烘干土壤的WDPT值比风干土壤大;3种SWR指标(WDPT、MED及θ)之间有一定的相关关系,但MED与θ的相关性并不明显,表明各SWR指标之间虽有一定联系,但表征方面具有差异性;采用高度法和质量法测量水与土壤的θ值时,高度法的θ值大于质量法,高度法之间重复差异小于质量法;使用正辛烷作为参比溶液测量水与土壤的θ值时,其重复的差异较小,低于无水乙醇;在多种理化性质中,黏粒含量比其他土壤属性更显著地影响WDPT和θ;[K⁺]、[Na⁺]均与θ呈正相关;蒙脱石含量与WDPT、MED呈负相关.综上,土壤SWR的测定方法中,WDPT法操作简单但易受影响;MED法缩短了入渗时间但试验过程耗时;接触角法操作复杂,结果相对精确,采用正辛烷作为参比溶液的高度法更可靠.建议采用多种指标综合表征土壤斥水性.     

Evaluation of the macrocyclic antibiotic LY333328 as a chiral selector when used as a mobile phase additive in narrow bore HPLC

The macrocyclic antibiotic LY333328 has been evaluated as a chiral selector for the enantioseparation of nine dansylated amino acids. This macrocyclic glycopeptide was used as a chiral mobile phase additive (CMPA) in conjunction with narrow bore high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The key mobile phase parameters of LY333328 concentration and buffer pH were varied, along with variations in stationary phases consisting of C8, phenyl, cyano, and silica. After observing and plotting changes in retention and resolution based on corresponding variation in these parameters, a better understanding of the behavior of this chiral selector was obtained. The pK_a values of the dansyl amino acid analytes and LY333328 were measured and used to gain a better understanding of the microenvironment in which these enantioseparations occur. Optimized conditions resulted in the baseline separation of eight of nine dansyl amino acids. Chirality 11:75–81, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

A proximity based general method for identification of ligand and receptor interactions in living cells

Autocrine based selections from intracellular combinatorial antibody and peptide libraries have proven to be a powerful method for selection of agonists and identification of new therapeutic targets. However, success requires a case-by-case construction of a robust selection system which is a process that can be time consuming and expensive. Here we report a general system that takes advantage of the chemical rate acceleration caused by approximation of a membrane tethered ligand and its receptor. The system uses an artificial signal transduction and is, thus, agnostic to the endogenous signal transduction of the receptor–ligand system. This method allows analysis of receptor–ligand interactions and selection of molecules from large libraries that interact with receptors when they are in their natural milieu.     

植物吸附大气颗粒物的时空变化规律及其影响因素的研究进展

植物可以吸附大气颗粒物,对降低大气颗粒物污染具有重要作用,能有效改善空气质量,植被对颗粒物的吸附功能研究已成为当前城市生态学和环境科学研究的热点。本文从植物叶片吸附大气颗粒物的方式和途径出发,概述了植物叶片对颗粒物的吸附特征及其时空变化规律。以此为基础,从植物叶表面属性、植物种类及其物理属性、植物群落特征等植物内部因素,颗粒物的粒径组成和污染程度等外界环境因素,大风、降水、温湿度等气象因素这些方面来阐述植物对不同粒径颗粒物吸附能力的影响因素。最后,文章指出今后应在植物吸附大气颗粒物的机制、定量化分析以及更加科学系统的测定方法等方面加强研究,以期为能高效吸附颗粒物的植物种类和植物配置方式的选择提供参考依据。     

The effective molarity of the substrate phosphoryl group in the transition state for yeast OMP decarboxylase

The second order rate constant (k(cat)/K(m)) for decarboxylation of orotidine by yeast OMP decarboxylase (ODCase), measured by trapping (14)CO(2) released during the reaction, is 2 x 10(-4)M(-1)s(-1). This very low activity may be compared with a value of 3 x 10(7)M(-1)s(-1) for the action of yeast OMP decarboxylase on the normal substrate OMP. Both activities are strongly inhibited by 6-hydroxy UMP (BMP), and abrogated by mutation of Asp-96 to alanine. These results, in conjunction with the binding affinity of inorganic phosphate as a competitive inhibitor (K(i)=7 x 10(-4)M), imply an effective concentration of 1.1 x 10(9)M for the substrate phosphoryl group in stabilizing the transition state for enzymatic decarboxylation of OMP. The observed difference in rate (1.5 x 10(11)-fold) is the largest effect of a simple substituent that appears to have been reported for an enzyme reaction.     

Estimating contribution of anthocyanin pigments to osmotic adjustment during winter leaf reddening

The association between plant water stress and synthesis of red, anthocyanin pigments in leaves has led some plant biologists to propose an osmotic function of leaf reddening. According to this hypothesis, anthocyanins function as a solute in osmotic adjustment (OA), contributing to depression of osmotic potential (Ψ_π) and maintenance of turgor pressure during drought-stressed conditions. Here we calculate the percent contribution of anthocyanin to leaf Ψ_π during OA in two angiosperm evergreen species, Galax urceolata and Gaultheria procumbens. Both species exhibit dramatic leaf reddening under high light during winter, concomitant with declines in leaf water potential and accumulation of solutes. Data previously published by the authors on osmotic potential at full turgor (Ψ_π,100) of G. urceolata and G. procumbens leaves before and after leaf reddening were used to estimate OA. In vivo molar concentrations of anthocyanin, glucose, fructose, and sucrose measured from the same individuals were converted to pressure equivalents using the Ideal Gas Law, and percent contribution to OA was estimated. Estimated mean OA during winter was −0.7 MPa for G. urceolata and −0.8 MPa for G. procumbens. In vivo concentrations of anthocyanin (3–10 mM) were estimated to account for ∼2% of OA during winter, and comprised <0.7% of Ψ_π,100 in both species. Glucose, fructose, and sucrose combined accounted for roughly 50 and 80% of OA for G. urceolata and G. procumbens, respectively, and comprised ∼20% of Ψ_π,100. We observed that a co-occurring, acyanic species (Vinca minor) achieved similar OA without synthesizing anthocyanin. We conclude that anthocyanins represent a measurable, albeit meager, component of OA in red-leafed evergreen species during winter. However, due to their low concentrations, metabolic costliness relative to other osmolytes, and striking red color (unnecessary for an osmotic function), it is unlikely that they are synthesized solely for an osmoprotectant role.     

The effective molarity (EM) - A computational approach

The effective molarity (EM) for 12 intramolecular S_N2 processes involving the formation of substituted aziridines and substituted epoxides were computed using ab initio and DFT calculation methods. Strong correlation was found between the calculated effective molarity and the experimentally determined values. This result could open a door for obtaining EM values for intramolecular processes that are difficult to be experimentally provided. Furthermore, the calculation results reveal that the driving forces for ring-closing reactions in the two different systems are proximity orientation of the nucleophile to the electrophile and the ground strain energies of the products and the reactants.     

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in rat kidney cytosol

Rat kidney cytosol contains a 3.3 S high affinity binding component for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ as detected by DNA-cellulose chromatography and subsequent sucrose gradient analysis. The semipurified aporeceptor demonstrates specificity for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ and an apparent dissociation constant for this sterol-hormone of 3.4 × 10^?10M at 25°C. The physicochemical properties of this binding component are in agreement with those observed for the chick intestinal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ receptor, suggesting that this component may function as a specific receptor for the hormone in the kidney.     

The effect of water activity on the association constant and the enthalpy of reaction between lysozyme and the specific antibodies D1.3 and D44.1

The reactions of lysozyme with the specific monoclonal antibody D1.3, its Fv fragment and a mutant of the Fv, were studied under conditions of reduced water activity through the addition of the cosolutes glycerol, ethanol, dioxane and methanol. Titration calorimetry, BIAcore^TM and ultracentrifugal analyses were used to determine enthalpy of reactions and affinity constants. There was a decrease in the values of the enthalpies of reactions as well as in the association constants which was proportional to the decrease in water activity. These results are consistent with a structural model in which water molecules bound to the antigen and the antibody are conserved upon complex formation and provide bonds which are important for the stability of the complex. In contrast, the reaction of lysozyme with the specific monoclonal antibody D44.1, or its Fab, showed the inverse effect: a small increase in the value of the association constant with decreasing water molarities. This is in agreement with a model in which binding of antigen to antibody D44.1 is accompanied by the release of a very small number of water molecules.     

Microstructural tuning and band gap engineering of calcium hydroxides: a novel approach by pH variation

Here we report a simple, inexpensive, energy benign, yet novel pH-driven chemical precipitation technique to achieve microstructural and band gap engineering of calcium hydroxide nanoparticles (CHNPs). The chemical precipitation route involved the use of 0.4–1.6 M Ca(NO₃)₂.4H₂O solutions as the precursor and 1 M NaOH solution as the precipitator. The simple variation in precursor molarity induces a pH change from about 12.4 to 11.3 in the reactant solution. The CHNPs characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy techniques confirm a jump of nanocrystallite size from ~50–70 nm with a concomitant reduction of direct optical band gap energy from ~5.38–5.26 eV. The possible mechanisms that could be operative behind obtaining microstructurally tuned (MT)-CHNPS and band gap engineering (BGE) are discussed from both theoretical and physical process perspectives. Furthermore, the implications of these novel results for possible futuristic applications are briefly hinted upon.