天敌昆虫蠋蝽的研究进展与展望

蠋蝽是农林业上一种重要的捕食性天敌昆虫,可以捕食美国白蛾、马铃薯甲虫、棉铃虫、盲椿象等多种害虫。本文对近些年来蠋蝽的形态学、生物学、人工饲养、营养基因组学、储存技术、控害能力等作一阐述,并对蠋蝽应用前景进行了展望。     

Life table characteristics of Macrolophus caliginosus preying upon Tetranychus urticae

The life table characteristics of the polyphagous mirid Macrolophus caliginosus Wagner (Heteroptera: Miridae) preying on various stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) with tomato as host plant were described at 22 °C. The following average parameters were obtained: Female longevity: 28.7 days; fecundity: 0.7 eggs/female/day; egg mortality: 2.6%; pre-oviposition period: 5.5 days; oviposition period: 18.1 days; post-oviposition period: 3.2 days; juvenile development time: 26.8 days; juvenile mortality: 34.9%; and sex ratio (/(+): 0.46. Life table parameters were estimated as net reproduction rate (R ₀): 6.15; intrinsic rate of increase (r _m): 0.031 day^–1; finite rate of increase (): 1.032; mean generation time (T _c): 58.17 days; and doubling time (T ₂) 22.2 days. The parameters obtained were in accordance with those reported for M. caliginosus fed on another mite species (T. turkestani Ugarov & Nikolski (Acari: Tetranychidae)). However, compared to the performance of M. caliginosus fed on common glasshouse insect pests, a diet consisting of only mites appeared to be inferior. However, being a voracious predator, M. caliginosus may be a valuable addition to existing methods of mite control.     

Can intra‐specific genetic variation in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus etunicatum) affect a mesophyll‐feeding herbivore (Tupiocoris notatus Distant)?

Abstract.  1. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) infection can have negative, positive or neutral effects on insect herbivore populations, but patterns are difficult to predict.
2. Intra-specific genetic variation in nutrient uptake ability between fungal isolates may also have indirect effects on insect herbivores due to changes in plant quality. In preliminary studies mirid ( Tupiocoris notatus ) populations were significantly reduced on tobacco ( Nicotiana rustica ) colonised by AMF but it was unknown if same-species fungal isolates differed in their effect.
3. An experiment was performed as a first test of the effect of intra-specific genetic variation in the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus etunicatum on mirid nymphal population structure, dynamics, and growth rate.
4. Mirid nymphal populations were lower on mycorrhizal fungal-infected plants. Population size, however, did not differ between the mycorrhizal isolates. While no statistical difference in population between isolates was found, one isolate consistently had 1.7–2.4 times lower mirid populations compared with the controls, indicating that the magnitude of effect is different between mycorrhizal isolates.
5. The significantly negative effect of AMF on mirid populations likely resulted from AMF-induced changes in plant quality (e.g. increased defence). This study lends further support to recent demonstrations that below-ground symbionts significantly influence above-ground processes. In addition, mycorrhizal fungi can affect insect population structure, which may have consequences for future herbivory.     

Macrolophus caliginosus: Functional response to whiteflies and preference and switching capacity between whiteflies and spider mites

Laboratory experiments were performed with adult female Macrolophus caliginosus Wagner (Heteroptera: Miridae) at 22ºC on bean plants to determine the functional response towards whiteflies, as well as the preference and switching capacity between the two prey species: whiteflies and spider mites. Predation of females presented with first instars of Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) was of a Type III functional response. The observed maximum predation was approximately 75 first instars at high prey densities within a 24-h period. The preference of M. caliginosus females between eggs of T. vaporariorum and Tetranychus urticaeKoch (Acarina: Tetranychidae) changed with the ratio of offered prey. The preference for T. vaporariorum eggs increased non-linearly with increasing proportions of this prey type. The average maximum predation of whitefly and spider mite eggs were approximately 166 and 111 eggs per day, respectively, at the highest ratio of the two preys. The proportion of M. caliginosus females found on the test plants at the end of the experiment increased with prey density suggesting that this mirid spends more time in areas with high prey density. Macrolophus caliginosus females are voracious predators of eggs and first instars of T. vaporariorum as well as of spider mite eggs and may thus be a valuable addition to existing methods of biological control of T. vaporariorum and T. urticae.     

Biology, host range, and risk assessment supporting release in Africa of Falconia intermedia (Heteroptera: Miridae), a new biocontrol agent for Lantana camara

The ornamental hybrid shrub, Lantana camara L. (lantana), is a serious environmental weed and has been targeted for biological control in South Africa since 1961. The established biocontrol agents cause insufficient levels of damage and additional natural enemies are required to reduce the invasiveness of this weed. The lantana mirid, Falconia intermedia (Distant), is a promising new agent that was imported from the Caribbean for life history and host-range studies. The nymphs and adults are leaf-suckers that cause chlorotic speckling, which reduces the photosynthetic capacity of the plant. Biological studies indicate that F. intermedia has considerable biocontrol potential, in that it has a high intrinsic rate of increase, the potential for multiple generations a year, highly mobile adults, and a high level of damage per individual. Host-specificity trials indicated that the lantana mirid has a narrow host range, with L. camara being the most suitable host, but several indigenous African species in the closely related genus Lippia are suitable alternative host plants. Under multiple-choice conditions, adults showed a significant and strong oviposition preference for L. camara over the Lippia species. A risk assessment of potential nontarget effects indicated that three Lippia species could sustain damage levels in the field. The relatively low probability of damage to indigenous species was considered a justified trade-off for the potentially marked impact on L. camara. The regulatory authorities accepted the results of this study and F. intermedia was released against L. camara in South Africa in April 1999.     

果树盲蝽的发生与防控技术

近年来,盲蝽在我国果树上大量发生,刺吸危害枣、葡萄、苹果、梨、樱桃、桃树等果树,造成嫩芽皱缩,落蕾落花,叶片穿孔,水果畸形脱落,导致严重的经济损失。本文介绍了我国果树上盲蝽的种类、危害和发生规律,综述了果树盲蝽防治策略和防治措施,提出了果树盲蝽的防控对策和建议。     

我国棉花盲蝽生物学特性的研究进展

近10年来,盲蝽在我国由次要害虫上升为了主要害虫,在棉花、枣、葡萄等多种作物生产上造成了严重危害。自2008年以来,在公益性行业（农业）科研专项经费项目的支持下,对盲蝽人工饲养技术、个体发育与繁殖、食性、寄主选择行为、取食行为、性信息素通讯行为、交配与产卵行为、飞行与扩散能力、滞育与越冬习性、年生活史等生物学特性进行了系统研究,为研发盲蝽预测预报和综合防治技术提供了必要的科学依据。     

不同寄主对中黑盲蝽(Adelphocoris suturalis)生长发育和繁殖的影响

实验在室内温度为(26±1)℃、相对湿度为75%±5%、自然光照的条件下,以四季豆、大豆、饭豇豆、苜蓿、转基因抗虫棉99B和非转基因棉石远321为食料,用生命表方法系统研究了不同寄主植物对中黑盲蝽实验种群生长发育、存活及繁殖的影响.结果表明中黑盲蝽(Adelphocoris suturalis)取食6种不同的寄主植物时,各虫态的发育历期、存活率、成虫寿命、产卵前期、产卵期、产卵量、5龄若虫体重等均有显著差异.用生命表参数综合评价表明,四季豆最适合中黑盲蝽的生长发育及繁殖,其次分别为苜蓿、转基因抗虫棉99B、非转基因棉石远321、饭豇豆、大豆,同时也表明转基因抗虫棉对中黑盲蝽无显著抗性.田间取食选择性试验表明,中黑盲蝽喜食饭豇豆和豇豆,可在棉田周围种植饭豇豆、豇豆作为诱集作物.     

Distribution of velvet tobacco mottle virus in its mirid vector and its relationship to transmissibility

Following acquisition by feeding, velvet tobacco mottle virus (VTMoV) was detected in the gut, haemolymph and faeces of the mirid vector, Cyrtopeltis nicotianae, but not in the salivary glands. Virus antigen was detected in the gut and haemolymph for up to nine days following acquisition. Infective virus was detected in the secretions and excretions of the mirids immediately after acquisition and was also detected in the faeces of nymphs after six days. Insoluble nigrosin dye was eliminated intermittently from the gut up to six days after ingestion, in a manner similar to the loss of virus infectivity. Non-infective mirids were able to inoculate plants from infectious sap deposits on the upper epidermis. An ingestion-defecation model of insect transmission in which the salivary glands are not implicated is proposed as one explanation for the persistence of transmission in this mirid-virus association.     

盲蝽类害虫种群密度与危害的调查方法

盲蝽是棉花、果树等作物上的一类重要害虫。盲蝽的卵产在植物组织中,若虫活动性和隐蔽性强,成虫善于飞行扩散。针对盲蝽各个虫态的习性,发展了田间种群发生与危害调查技术,为其种群监测提供了科学支撑。