中国六种重要药用真菌名称的说明

对我国6种重要药用真菌的名称进行了考证,按照国际命名法规及《真菌、地衣汉语学名命名法规》对这些种类的拉丁和汉语学名进行了讨论。建议下列汉语名称和拉丁名称为规范的汉语学名和拉丁学名：樟芝Taiwanofungus camphoratus (M. Zang & C.H. Su) Sheng H. Wu et al.,桦褐孔菌Inonotus obliquus (Ach. ex Pers.) Pilát,木耳Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) Quél.,刺槐多年卧孔菌Perenniporia robiniophila (Murrill) Ryvarden,滑子蘑Pholiota microspora (Berk.) Sacc.,冬虫夏草Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) G.H. Sung et al.,其他相关名称均应为异名。     

Analysis of beta-tubulin cDNAs from taxol-resistant Pestalotiopsis microspora and taxol-sensitive Pythium ultimum and comparison of the taxol-binding properties of their products

The anti-cancer drug taxol binds to β-tubulin in assembled microtubules and causes cell cycle arrest in animal cells; in contrast, in fungi, the effect of taxol varies. For instance, the taxol-producer Pestalotiopsis microspora Ne32, an ascomycete, is resistant to taxol (IC₅₀ greater than 11.7 μM), whereas Pythium ultimum, an oomycete, is sensitive to taxol (IC₅₀ 0.1 μM). In order to understand the differential fungal response to taxol, we isolated cDNAs encoding β-tubulin from both P. microspora and P. ultimum. The deduced amino acid sequence of β-tubulin from P. microspora is very similar to those from other Ascomycetes, many of which are resistant to taxol. The sequence of β-tubulin from P. ultimum is very similar to those from Oomycetes and non-fungal organisms, many of which are sensitive to taxol. To examine the interaction between taxol and fungal microtubules, binding studies were performed with fungal cells, using [³H]taxol. The labeled taxol was found to bind specifically to P. ultimum, but not to P. microspora. In addition, the amount of [³H]taxol specifically bound to P. ultimum was reduced by the microtubule-depolymerizing drug thiabendazole, in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest efficient binding of taxol to microtubules in P. ultimum, but not in P. microspora, and are consistent with the differential taxol sensitivity of these two organisms. Finally a comparison of previously characterized taxol binding sites in various β-tubulin sequences showed that β-tubulins of taxol-sensitive organisms, including P. ultimum, contain Thr219, but β-tubulins of resistant organisms, including P. microspora, contain Asn or Gln at this position, suggesting an important role for residue 219 in the interaction between taxol and β-tubulin. Received: 16 March 1999 / Accepted: 21 August 1999     

中国毛壳菌科研究III.毛壳菌属和梭孢壳属的种

报道了毛壳菌属和梭孢壳属5个新记录种,同丝毛壳Chaetomiumhomopilatum,刺毛壳C.spinosum,变绿毛壳C.virescens,小孢梭孢壳Thielaviamicrospora,栖土梭孢壳T.terricola。根据所采集的标本和菌种对这些种进行了描述和照像。干制培养物标本和菌种保藏在西北农林科技大学真菌标本室(HMUABO)。     

Brachiola vesicularum, N. G., N. Sp., a New Microsporidium Associated with AIDS and Myositis

Brachiola vesicularum, n. g., n. sp., is a new microsporidium associated with AIDS and myositis. Biopsied muscle tissue, examined by light and electron microscopy, revealed the presence of organisms developing in direct contact with muscle cell cytoplasm and fibers. No other tissue types were infected. All parasite stages contain diplokaryotic nuclei and all cell division is by binary fission. Sporogony is disporoblastic, producing 2.9 times 2 μm diplokaryotic spores containing 8-10 coils of the polar filament arranged in one to three rows, usually two. Additionally, this microsporidium produces electron-dense extracellular secretions and vesiculotubular appendages similar to Nosema algerae. However, the production of protoplasmic extensions which may branch and terminate in extensive vesiculotubular structures is unique to this parasite. Additionally, unlike Nosema algerae , its development occurred at warm blooded host temperature (37-38° C) and unlike Nosema connori , which disseminates to all tissue types, B. vesicularum infected only muscle cells. Thus, a new genus and species is proposed. Because of the similarities with the genus Nosema , this new genus is placed in the family Nosematidae. Successful clearing of this infection (both clinically and histologically) resulted from treatment with albendazole and itraconozole.     

The Role of Osmotic Pressure in the Germination of Nosema algerae Spores1

ABSTRACT. Both the lag period and the time required for the filament and sporoplasm to emerge from Nosema algerae spores were prolonged when germination occurred under hyperosmotic conditions. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and sucrose inhibited germination, first by preventing eversion of the filament, and then at higher concentrations by preventing stimulation. The size of the spore cases decreased by about 21% following germination, indicating an elastic spore wall and turgor pressure in the dormant spores. Increased pressure during germination was indicated by less osmotically-induced shrinkage in stimulated than in dormant spores and by higher concentration of solutes in the homogenates of germinated than ungerminated spores. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of a pressure increase during germination that is caused by an endogenous increase in solute concentration.     

中国毛壳菌科研究III.毛壳菌属和梭孢壳属的种(英文)

报道了毛壳菌属和梭孢壳属5个新记录种,同丝毛壳Chaetomiumhomopilatum,刺毛壳C.spinosum,变绿毛壳C.virescens,小孢梭孢壳Thielaviamicrospora,栖土梭孢壳T.terricola。根据所采集的标本和菌种对这些种进行了描述和照像。干制培养物标本和菌种保藏在西北农林科技大学真菌标本室(HMUABO)。     

中国紫盘菌属志略(英文)

紫盘菌属Smardaea是Svrcek(1969)在Ascobolus amethystinusPhill.基础上建立的。其主要特征为:子囊非淀粉质,孢子椭圆形,具纹饰,囊盘被组织明显紫色,2层,内层交错丝组织型,外层球胞组织型至角胞组织型。本属成员以前在我国未见报道。作者近年来在研究中国盘菌区系过程中发现本属2个种,一个为紫色紫盘菌S.purpurea Dissing;另一个为新种,命名为小孢紫盘菌S.microspora sp.nov。本新种与本属其它3个种的区别主要在于较小的子囊孢子,低的表面纹饰。     

高速逆流色谱分离小孢拟盘多毛孢PM-1 菌株中的除草活性物质

【目的】应用高速逆流色谱法(High-speed counter-current chromatography,HSCCC)实现对小孢拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis microspora PM-1菌株代谢产物中除草活性物质的首次分离。【方法】以正己烷:乙酸乙酯:甲醇:水(4:5:4:5,V/V/V/V)为最佳的两相溶剂体系,上相(水相)为固定相,下相(有机相)为流动相,正相洗脱。【结果】在流速2 mL/min、转速900 r/min、检测波长254 nm的条件下进行分离,得到4个馏分,其中馏分Ⅱ对马唐的活性较强。馏分Ⅱ经高效液相色谱法(High performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)以乙腈:水=75:25(V/V)为流动相经过C18柱进一步分离检测,所得馏分A对马唐种子萌发有较强的抑制作用。其保留时间为7.954 min,该峰经二极管阵列光谱检测为单一组分。【结论】利用最佳的高速逆流色谱条件和高效液相色谱条件对小孢拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsismicrospora PM-1菌株代谢产物进行分离,可获得除草活性化合物——馏分A。     

产紫杉醇真菌的研究概况与紫杉醇工业生产的一个新思路

分离自太平洋红豆杉的天然抗癌药物紫杉醇(Taxol)已在临床上广泛应用,市场需求日益增强,但工业产量受原料红豆杉树木短缺的制约,供需存在巨大差距。1993年,Stierle等分离到一株与太平洋红豆杉共生的真菌安德烈紫杉菌,证实产生紫杉醇,为利用真菌发酵生产紫杉醇带来可能。通过分析目前工业生产技术存在的问题,总结了产紫杉醇真菌研究的进展及其重要意义。认为利用真菌大规模发酵生产紫杉醇或其中间体,是摆脱制约的一条新思路,具有广阔的应用前景,并且可以带动其他产品的开发。