典型黑土区不同生态系统土壤团聚体有机碳分布特征

基于团聚体分组和闭蓄态微团聚体分离技术,利用典型黑土区27年长期定位试验,研究草地生态系统、农田生态系统和裸地生态系统下土壤团聚体及团聚体内部组分中有机碳的分布,以解析不同生态系统下土壤团聚体和有机碳固持间的关系,揭示黑土有机碳的物理稳定性机制。结果显示:与农田相比,草地土壤有机碳含量显著提高7.6%;裸地土壤有机碳含量显著下降14.1%。草地促进了大团聚体(250μm),尤其2000μm团聚体的形成,提高了土壤团聚体的稳定性;裸地则降低了土壤的团聚化程度及稳定性,大团聚体和微团聚体含量下降,粉粘粒含量相应增加。草地大团聚体中有机碳含量显著高于农田,且内部各组分有机碳含量均有显著提高,其中粗颗粒有机质、闭蓄态微团聚体和粉黏粒有机碳含量增幅分别为600%、54%和65%;裸地增加了粉粘粒结合有机碳含量,降低了大团聚体和微团聚体中有机碳含量,且大团聚体和微团聚体内部各组分有机碳含量均有所下降。3种生态系统类型土壤均以总粉粘粒结合有机碳为主,占土壤总有机碳52%—79%,其作为惰性碳库是黑土有机碳的重要组成部分。黑土有机碳的累积或损失主要表现为活性较强的有机碳库-团聚体中颗粒有机质的增加或减少,与农田相比,草地土壤有机碳的累积主要归因于大团聚体中粗颗粒有机质的增加,为总有机碳增量的3倍;裸地土壤有机碳的损失主要归因于微团聚体中总细颗粒有机质的减少,对总有机碳损失的贡献率为60%。     

Mycorrhizas and soil structure

In addition to their well-recognized roles in plant nutrition and communities, mycorrhizas can influence the key ecosystem process of soil aggregation. Here we review the contribution of mycorrhizas, mostly focused on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), to soil structure at various hierarchical levels: plant community; individual root; and the soil mycelium. There are a suite of mechanisms by which mycorrhizal fungi can influence soil aggregation at each of these various scales. By extension of these mechanisms to the question of fungal diversity, it is recognized that different species or communities of fungi can promote soil aggregation to different degrees. We argue that soil aggregation should be included in a more complete 'multifunctional' perspective of mycorrhizal ecology, and that in-depth understanding of mycorrhizas/soil process relationships will require analyses emphasizing feedbacks between soil structure and mycorrhizas, rather than a uni-directional approach simply addressing mycorrhizal effects on soils. We finish the discussion by highlighting new tools, developments and foci that will probably be crucial in further understanding mycorrhizal contributions to soil structure.