北京地区两株人偏肺病毒M蛋白基因的原核表达及抗原活性分析

人偏肺病毒(Human metapneumovirus,hMPV)是最近发现的可引起人类呼吸道感染的一种副粘病毒,现被归类于偏肺病毒属(Metapneumovirus),是至今发现的第一个与人类疾病相关的偏肺病毒属成员[1]。目前已经受到世界范围的重视,已有十多个国家报道了不同年龄组人群中hMPV的感染情况。     

A novel 111‐nucleotide duplication in the G gene of human metapneumovirus

In 2017, novel human metapneumovirus (HMPV) A2b subgroup strains with a 111‐nucleotide duplication in the G gene was detected by the present team. These strains were related to previously identified HMPV A2b strains with a 180‐nucleotide duplication; however, they appeared to be different strains, produced by an independent duplication event. The recent evolution of HMPV suggests that careful monitoring of this virus is required.

     

北京地区成人呼吸道感染病人中人偏肺病毒感染情况的初步分析

目的:了解北京地区成人呼吸道感染患者中人偏肺病毒(hMPV)的感染情况、流行分布和临床表现特点。方法:采集2010年5月至2011年4月北京地区成人呼吸道感染患者鼻咽拭子标本413份,利用巢式PCR法进行hMPV筛查,对PCR阳性片段进行核酸序列测定,确定hMPV感染基因型别;同时,分析hMPV感染的流行病学特点,并对感染阳性患者进行临床表现的初步分析。结果:413份鼻咽拭子标本中检出hMPV阳性4份(0.97%),分别存在于2010年8月、10月和2011年2月、4月,其中1例合并鼻病毒感染;感染患者临床表现主要是发热、鼻塞、流涕、头痛、咳嗽,有1例出现呕吐和腹泻;hMPV阳性片段系统进化分析发现这4例感染中的3例为B2型,1例为A2b型。结论:北京地区成人呼吸道感染患者中存在hMPV感染,其基因型为B2和A2b型。     

Endemicity of human metapneumovirus subgenogroups A2 and B2 in Yamagata, Japan, between 2004 and 2009

To clarify a longitudinal epidemiology,we isolated 280 hMPV strains from patients with acute respiratory infections in Yamagata, Japan, between 2004 and 2009.We observed that the high season for hMPV was from winter to spring (between January and May) and the low season was in the fall (around September and October). A further molecular analysis revealed that subgenogroup A2 (A2) strains were the most commonly isolated (151/280; 53.9%), followed by B2 (108/280; 38.6%) and B1 (19/280; 6.8%). Our results suggested that A2 and B2 have been endemically in circulation as the major types almost every year, whereas other subgenogroups have appeared less frequently.     

Co-infection of human metapneumovirus with adenovirus or respiratory syncytial virus among children in Japan

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is one of the etiological agents of acute respiratory tract infections. From June 2005 to May 2006, we collected 185 clinical specimens from children in Osaka City, Japan, and detected 41 hMPV RNA. Of the 41 specimens, four (9.8%) also contained other viruses (3 with adenovirus [AdV] and 1 with respiratory syncytial virus [RSV]). The clinical symptoms of patients coinfected with AdV were indistinct from those of patients mono-infected with hMPV. The symptoms of the one patient co-infected with RSV were clinically severe. Further research is needed to clarify the effect of hMPV on other respiratory viruses or vice versa.     

北京地区人偏肺病毒膜表面糖蛋白G编码基因和特征的分析

为了解北京地区人偏肺病毒(hMPV)膜表面糖蛋白G编码基因的特征,提取2003年和2004年各6份hMPV阳性的临床呼吸道标本中的RNA,经用随机引物合成cDNA后,用特异性引物扩增G蛋白全基因,克隆至pBS-T载体中并进行测序。用生物软件与GenBank中hMPV的基因序列进行比较和种系进化分析。12株hMPV可以分为两个主要的进化簇1和2。每个进化簇还可以再分为不同的亚进化簇。3株(2003年)hMPV属于进化簇1;9株(3株2003年和6株2004年)hMPV属于进化簇2。这12株hMPV G蛋白基因的核苷酸长度在624~711nt,使用了两种不同的终止密码,编码的氨基酸长度为208~236 aa,蛋白质分子量为22.9~25.8kD。与进化簇2相比,进化簇1的3株hMPV都出现了3个核苷酸的缺失,但未改变读码框架。同一进化簇内的hMPV G蛋白基因核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性分别为95.7%~100%和91.8%~100%,不同进化簇间的核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性分别为56.3%~57.4%和34.3%~38.2%。疏水性分析表明这12株hMPV G蛋白是典型的Ⅱ型跨膜锚定蛋白,分别与两个进化簇代表株的疏水图一致。这些hMPV的G蛋白氨基酸的替换集中在胞外区。它们都含有高百分比的脯氨酸(P)、丝氨酸(S)和苏氨酸(T),含有相当数量的位于胞外区的O-连接糖基化位点。这些hMPV的G蛋白的N-连接糖基化位点数目和位置不尽相同。通过对G蛋白基因的分析显示,2003年和2004年北京地区流行的hMPV分属于两种不同的进化簇。基因分析显示hMPV的G蛋白是高糖基化的膜表面蛋白,具有与同属于副粘病毒科、肺病毒亚科的人呼吸道合胞病毒(hRSV)的G蛋白相似的基因特征,推测其功能和在感染免疫中的作用相当于hRSV的G蛋白,但有待进一步深入研究予以证实。     

Avian metapneumovirus subgroup C induces autophagy through the ATF6 UPR pathway

An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that macroautophagy/autophagy plays an important role in the infectious processes of diverse pathogens. However, it remains unknown whether autophagy is induced in avian metapneumovirus (aMPV)-infected host cells, and, if so, how this occurs. Here, we report that aMPV subgroup C (aMPV/C) induces autophagy in cultured cells. We demonstrated this relationship by detecting classical autophagic features, including the formation of autophagsomes, the presence of GFP-LC3 puncta and the conversation of LC3-I into LC3-II. Also, we used pharmacological regulators and siRNAs targeting ATG7 or LC3 to examine the role of autophagy in aMPV/C replication. The results showed that autophagy is required for efficient replication of aMPV/C. Moreover, infection with aMPV/C promotes autophagosome maturation and induces a complete autophagic process. Finally, the ATF6 pathway, of which one component is the unfolded protein response (UPR), becomes activated in aMPV/C-infected cells. Knockdown of ATF6 inhibited aMPV/C-induced autophagy and viral replication. Collectively, these results not only show that autophagy promotes aMPV/C replication in the cultured cells, but also reveal that the molecular mechanisms underlying aMPV/C-induced autophagy depends on regulation of the ER stress-related UPR pathway.