Binding mechanism of maltol with catalase investigated by spectroscopy,molecular docking,and enzyme activity assay

Maltol is a flavor additive that is widely used in the daily diet of humans, and its biosafety attention is concomitantly increasing. Catalase (CAT) is an antioxidant enzyme to maintain homeostasis in the tissue's environment of human body and protect cells from oxidative damages. The adverse effects of maltol to CAT activity within mouse hepatocytes as well as the structural and functional changes of CAT on molecular level were investigated by multiple spectroscopy techniques, enzyme activity experiments, and molecular docking. Results suggested that when the maltol concentrations reached to 8 × 10^?5 mol L^?1, the viability of hepatocytes decreased to 93%, and CAT activity was stimulated by maltol to 111% than the control group after exposure for 24 hours. Changes in CAT activity on molecular level were consistent with those on cellular level. The fluorescence quenching of CAT by maltol was static with the forming of maltol‐CAT complex. Moreover, ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐visible) absorption, synchronous fluorescence, and circular dichroism (CD) spectra reflected that the presence of maltol caused conformational change of CAT and made the CAT molecule skeleton loose and increased α‐helix of CAT. Maltol mainly bound with CAT through hydrogen bond, and binding site that is near the heme ring in the enzyme activity center did not interact with its main amino acid residues. This study explores the combination between maltol and CAT, providing references for evaluating health damages caused by maltol.     

The identification of antioxidants in dark soy sauce

Soy sauce is a traditional fermented seasoning in Asian countries, that has high antioxidant activity in vitro and some antioxidant activity in vivo. We attempted to identify the major antioxidants present, using the 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay as a guide. 3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (maltol) was one of several active compounds found in an ethyl acetate extract of dark soy sauce (DSS) and was present at millimolar concentrations in DSS. However, most of the antioxidant activity was present in colored fractions, two of which (CP1 and CP2) were obtained by gel filtration chromatography. Their structural characteristics based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electrospray-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS) analysis suggest that carbohydrate-containing pigments such as melanoidins are the major contributors to the high antioxidant capacity of DSS.     

Prooxidant Action of Maltol: Role of Transition Metals in the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Enhanced Formation of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine Formation in DNA

Maltol (3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone) produced reactive oxygen species as a complex with transition metals. Maltol/iron complex inactivated aconitase the most sensitive enzyme to oxidative stress. The inactivation of aconitase was iron-dependent, and prevented by TEMPOL, a scavenger of reactive oxygen species, suggesting that the maltol/iron-mediated generation of superoxide anion is responsible for the inactivation of aconitase. Addition of maltol effectively enhanced the ascorbate/copper-mediated formation of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in DNA. Oxidation of ascorbic acid by CuSO₄ was effectively stimulated by addition of maltol, and the enhanced oxidation rate was markedly inhibited by the addition of catalase and superoxide dismutase. These results suggest that maltol can stimulate the copper reduction coupled with the oxidation of ascorbate, resulting in the production of superoxide radical which in turn converts to hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical. Cytotoxic effect of maltol can be explained by its prooxidant properties: maltol/transition metal complex generates reactive oxygen species causing the inactivation of aconitase and the production of hydroxyl radical causing the formation of DNA base adduct.     

Aluminum-induced apoptosis in PC12D Cells

The addition of aluminum-maltol complex to PC12D cells induced a time-dependent and concentration-dependent growth inhibition as well as cell death, whereas aluminum chloride or maltol alone did not affect the viability of PC12D cells. Apoptosis of differentiated PC12D cells was assessed by using terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated 2-deoxyuridine-5-triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique to detect DNA strand breaks in situ. The number of TUNEL-positive cells treated with aluminum-maltol increased with time in the treatment cultures. The ability of aluminum ion to elevate intracellular reactive oxygen species was determined by fluorescence in PC12D cells loaded with the oxidant-sensitive dye 2,7-dichlorofluorescin diacetate. Aluminum ion incorporated to PC12D cells causes apoptotic cell death by enhancing the generation of reactive oxygen species.     

Tyrosine phosphorylation and morphological transfordmation induced by four vanadium compounds on MC3T3E1 cells

The present study was performed to determine the phosphotyrosine-protein levels induced by insulin and by four vanadium derivatives in MC3T3E1 osteoblast-like cells. We have also attempted to associate these patterns vath the vanadium-induced growth and morphological changes of such cells. Vanadate (Vi), vanadyl (VO), bis(maltolato)oxovanadium (IV) (BMOV) and bis(maltolato)dioxovanadium (V) (BMV) stimulate cell growth in a narrow range of concentration, but are also inhibitors for the cells at high concentrations. Vanadium-treated cells displayed clear changes in their morphology after overnight incubation. However, BMV was the least cytotoxic and the weakest inducer of morphological changes. All the compounds promote the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in several proteins. This effect was more pronounced at low than at high doses. At low doses (10 M), BMV showed a phosphorylation pattern similar to that of insulin, while Vi, VO and BMOV induced strong phosphorylation of cell proteins. The present findings suggest that the vanadium-induced growth regulation and morphological changes in MC3T3EI osteoblast-like cells are associated with the ability of these agents to increase the phosphotyrosine protein levels and to inhibite phosphotyrosine phosphatases. These properties are dependent on the oxidation state as well as on the organic ligand which coordinates the vanadium atom.     

Effects of the administration routes and chemical forms of aluminum on aluminum accumulation in rat brain

An experimental rat model of aluminum accumulation in the brain was developed to aid in determining neurotoxity of aluminum (Al). Al was administered orally, intravenously, and intraperitoneally, in the absence or presence of citric acid or maltol. Oral administration of Al hydroxide [Al (OH)₃] or aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) with citric acid for 7 wk was not found to increase brain Al levels. Similarly, a single intravenous injection of AlCl₃ in the presence or absence of either citric acid or maltol did not alter brain Al levels after 48 h. Only daily intraperitoneal injections of AlCl₃ (8 mg Al/kg body weight) and an equimolar amount of maltol over a 14-d period enhanced accumulation of Al in rat brain. No significant increases were observed for the experimental groups receiving intraperitoneal AlCl₃ alone or with citric acid. This result suggests that the chemical form of Al strongly influences its bioavailability and that intraperitoneal administration of the Al-maltol complex appears to be useful in creating subacute model of Al accumulation in brain tissue.     

麦芽酚对活性氧损伤人神经瘤细胞的保护作用

以人神经瘤细胞株 (SH SY5Y)为材料 ,使用过氧化氢 (H2 O2 )产生过量活性氧诱导SH SY5Y细胞株进入氧化应激状态 .研究麦芽酚对过量活性氧造成的SH SY5Y细胞株氧化损伤的保护作用 .分析活性氧对细胞膜蛋白和DNA的损伤 ,细胞线粒体功能变化 ,白介素 6 (IL 6 )的表达变化以及细胞核因子κB(NF κB)的激活 .结果显示 ,2mmol L麦芽酚保护细胞 2h后 ,对细胞膜蛋白和DNA的损伤均有明显的保护作用 ,减少了膜蛋白的氧化和细胞DNA片段化的形成 ,细胞线粒体功能损伤减小 ,细胞表达的IL 6减少 ,被激活的NF κB水平同时降低 .结果证明 ,麦芽酚可以有效保护活性氧对神经细胞的氧化损伤 ,维持细胞的正常生理功能     

Spectroscopic characterization,calorimetric study and molecular docking to evaluate the bioconjugation of maltol with hemoglobin

Maltol, a food additive, is extensively used in our daily life. To date, its biological safety is still debated. In this article, binding interaction of maltol with bovine hemoglobin (BHb), an important functional protein, was studied by molecular docking research and spectroscopic and calorimetric measurements. We found that maltol could cause structural changes of BHb. By interacting with Glu 101 (1.27 Å) and Lys 104 (2.49 Å) residues, maltol changed the cavity structure and induced a microenvironment change around tryptophan (Trp) residue. Thermodynamic parameters obtained from isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) measurement showed that hydrophobic forces were the main forces existing in this system. The association constant of K (8.0 ± 3.4 × 10⁴ M^?1) shows the mild ligand–protein binding for maltol with BHb. The α‐helix amount in BHb increased (59.6–62.6%) with different concentrations of maltol and the intrinsic fluorescence intensity was quenched by maltol, indicating the conformation changes and denaturation of BHb. This work presents the interactions of maltol with BHb at the molecular level and obtains evidence that maltol induces adverse effects to proteins in vitro.     

Maltol prevents the progression of osteoarthritis by targeting PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway: In vitro and in vivo studies

Osteoarthritis (OA), a prevalent degenerative arthritis disease, principle characterized by the destruction of cartilage and associated with the inflammatory response. Maltol, a product formed during the processing of red ginseng (Panax ginseng, CA Meyer), has been reported to have the potential effect of anti-inflammatory. However, its specific mechanisms are not demonstrated. We investigated the protective effect of maltol in the progression of OA both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Human chondrocytes were pre-treated with maltol (0, 20, 40, 60 μM, 24 hours) and incubated with IL-1β (10 ng/mL, 24 hours) in vitro. Expression of PGE2, TNF-α and NO was measured by the ELISA and Griess reaction. The expression of iNOs, COX-2, aggrecan, ADAMTS-5, MMP-13, IκB-α, p65, P-AKT, AKT, PI3K and P-PI3K was analysed by Western blotting. The expression of collagen II and p65-active protein was detected by immunofluorescence. Moreover, the serious level of OA was evaluated by histological analysis in vivo. We identified that maltol could suppress the IL-1β-stimulated generation of PGE2 and NO. Besides, maltol not only suppressed the production of COX-2, iNOs, TNF-α, IL-6, ADAMTS-5, MMP-13, but also attenuated the degradation of collagen II and aggrecan. Furthermore, maltol remarkably suppressed the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT and NF-κB induced by IL-1β in human OA chondrocytes. Moreover, maltol could block the cartilage destroy in OA mice in vivo. To date, all data indicate maltol is a potential therapeutic agent by inhibiting inflammatory response via the regulation of NF-κB signalling for OA.