A critical evaluation of the Italian distribution of the rare macrolichen Usnea longissima Ach.

Abstract

The Italian distribution of the rare boreal–circumpolar macrolichen Usnea longissima is revised on the basis of a critical re-evaluation of bibliographic and field data. Reported from all Alpine regions of Italy, the species presently survives only in two neighbouring Alpine valleys of Friuli and Veneto. The Friulian population consists of a few thalli on a single tree near the lake of Sauris, while in Veneto scattered populations were observed in nine stands of Val Visdende with ca. 200 colonised trees. The species seems to be locally extinct in Trentino-Alto Adige. Earlier records from Lombardy, Piedmont and Aosta Valley are wrong or at least questionable. Usnea longissima can be considered as critically endangered at the national level. Some recommendations for forest managers are proposed.     

亚热带山地森林附生地衣的移植生长及其对环境变化的响应

本研究选取云南哀牢山亚热带森林系统6种常见的附生大型地衣进行为期2年的移植实验,分析其在原生林林外、林缘以及林内3种生境下的生物量增长速率和健康率等的差异,并探讨其生长对环境因子变化的响应。结果显示,网肺衣Lobaria retigera和平滑牛皮叶Sticta nylanderiana在林缘处生物量增长最快;而槽枝Sulcaria sulcata、多花松萝Usnea florida、皮革肾岛衣Nephromopsis pallescens、针芽肺衣Lobaria isidiophora 4种地衣则都是在林外光照更强、湿度更低的条件下生长得最好,林内最差。除网肺衣外,所有地衣的健康率均在林外较好,林缘次之,林内最差。非参数相关分析表明,6种地衣的生长速率和光照以及温度呈正相关,与大气湿度呈负相关;温度和光照是影响地衣生长最主要的生境因子。     

亚热带常绿阔叶林附生地衣凋落物的物种多样性和生物量的边缘效应

地衣是亚热带山地森林系统附生生物类群的重要组成部分之一,对环境变化极其敏感。为了更好地了解附生地衣对森林边缘效应的响应,我们在云南哀牢山地区原生山地常绿阔叶林中,分别在距林缘5m、25m、50m和 100m处设立样地,收集附生大型地衣的凋落物1年;分析附生地衣凋落物的物种多样性和生物量、功能群特征和组成结构对林缘深度变化的响应特征。研究结果显示,边缘效应能够显著提高林缘附生地衣群落的物种多样性和生物量;其发生的距离最深不超过25m。林缘-林内梯度上,不同地衣功能群的响应模式具有各自的特征。排序分析表明仅在5m样地与其他样地之间存在显著差异,指示种分析则发现仅5m样地具有指示种。哀牢山原生林中边缘效应促进林缘附生地衣生长和分布的现象,可能与当地高湿环境削减了地衣的高光损伤以及以叶状和灌状类群为主的地衣个体受到风力破坏的程度相对较低有关。