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L. A. Mound 《New Zealand journal of zoology.》2013,40(2):149-152
Desmidothrips n.gen. is described from New Zealand, with walkerae n.sp. as type‐species. Aeolothrips inauditus Bianchi from New Caledonia is transferred to this new genus. Desmidothrips is related to the Australian genus Desmothrips, and is the only member of the Aeolothripidae native to New Zealand. 相似文献
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Portia fimbriata from Queensland, a previously studied jumping spider (Salticidae), routinely includes web-building spiders and cursorial salticids in its diet, both of these types of prey being dangerous and unusual prey for a salticid. The present paper is the first detailed study ofP. fimbriata's prey preferences. Three basic types of tests of prey preference were used, providing evidence that (1)P. fimbriata males and females prefer spiders (both web-building spiders in webs and salticids away from webs) to insects; (2)P. fimbriata males and females prefer salticids to web-building spiders; (3)P. fimbriata males and females prefer larger spiders to smaller spiders; (4) there are intersexual differences in the preferences ofP. fimbriata for prey size, females preferring larger prey and males preferring smaller prey; and (5)P. fimbriata's prey preferences are not affected by a prior period without food of 2 weeks. When preferences were tested for by using both living, active prey and dead, motionless lures, the same preferences were expressed, indicating thatP. fimbriata can distinguish among different types of prey independent of the different movement patterns of different prey. 相似文献
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I‐Min Tso Shichang Zhang Wei‐Li Tan Po Peng Sean J. Blamires 《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》2016,122(8):671-681
Body coloration serves a variety of purposes in animals. Diurnal and nocturnal predators such as spiders may use their body coloration to lure prey. We predicted here that the white patches on the forelegs on females of the nocturnal semi‐aquatic spider Dolomedes raptor lure prey, explaining why they are primarily displayed when the spider forages along the water edge. To test our prediction, we developed a color vision model assessing whether the patches are visible to pygmy grasshoppers, the spider's primary prey. We conducted a field experiment using cardboard dummies that resemble D. raptor in size, shape, and color, but with half of them lacking leg patches, and we staged interactions between pygmy grasshoppers and D. raptor with and without leg patches in a greenhouse. We found the white patches to be visible to grasshoppers. The dummies with white patches attracted more grasshopper prey than the dummies without the patches. Moreover, grasshoppers were more attracted to spiders when their white patches were present. Our results supported the hypothesis that the white patches of D. raptor lure prey. Our findings, nevertheless, could not be explained as the spider's body coloration acting as a sensory trap but it should not be ruled out. More studies on a wider range of predators and prey will give more meaningful insights into the co‐evolution of predatory lures and prey sensory modalities. 相似文献
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E. B. Jang 《Journal of Applied Entomology》2011,135(6):456-466
Trapping trials were conducted in two locations on the island of Hawaii with plastic‐matrix formulations of methyl eugenol (ME) (1‐2‐dimethoxy‐4‐allylbenzene) and cuelure (CL) [4‐(p‐acetoxyphenyl)‐2‐butanone] in traps with or without a toxicant (2, 2‐dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate, DDVP) against wild fly populations of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) respectively. Both 5 g disks and 10 g cones of ME and 2 g plugs of CL caught flies for >9 months which varied relative to the population fluctuations. In all of these trials a one‐way entrance design trap caught more flies than the toxicant‐baited trap. The similar‐sized entrance holes (0.70 cm) of the latter may have slowed the dispersal of the toxicant vapour, thus causing flies to be repelled or killed outside the entrance to the trap when DDVP vapour was evolving at a maximum rate. The effect decreased as the toxicant aged. One‐way entrance traps are appropriate where toxicant traps are not allowed (e.g. organic farms), present a health hazard (e.g. yards with children), or would need to be replaced more frequently than lures. The results of these studies are discussed in relation to areawide fruit fly suppression programs where large populations of these flies are persistent, as well as to detection programs in areas where fruit flies have not established. 相似文献
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Phytochemical lures such as methyl eugenol (ME) and cue‐lure are used in the management of Bactrocera fruit flies for monitoring and control. These lures are not just attractants, but also trigger physiological changes in males that lead to enhanced mating success. Additionally, in the cue‐lure‐responsive Bactrocera tryoni, females mated with lure‐fed males exhibit changes in fecundity, remating receptivity and longevity. While the lures show current generation effects, no research has been carried out on possible multigenerational effects, although such effects have been hypothesized within a ‘sexy‐son’ sexual selection model. In this study, we test for indirect, cross‐generational effects of lure exposure in F1offspring of B. tryoni females mated with cue‐lure‐fed, zingerone‐fed and lure‐unfed (=control) males. The F1 attributes we recorded were immature development time, immature survival, adult survival and adult male lure foraging. No significant differences were found between treatments for any of the three life‐history measurements, except that the offspring sired by zingerone‐fed males had a longer egg development time than cue‐lure and control offspring. However, indirect exposure to lures significantly enhanced the lure‐foraging ability of F1 adult males. More offspring of cue‐lure‐fed males arrived at a lure source in both large flight cages and small laboratory cages over a 2‐h period than did control males. The offspring of zingerone‐fed males were generally intermediate between cue‐lure and control offspring. This study provides the first evidence of a next generation effect of fruit fly male lures. While the results of this study support a ‘sexy‐son’ sexual selection mechanism for the evolution of lure response in Bactrocera fruit flies, our discussion urges caution in interpreting our results in this way. 相似文献
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PHILIP J. DEVRIES GEORGE T. AUSTIN NOLAND H. MARTIN 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2008,94(4):723-736
A sample of over 400 co-occurring species of Neotropical Hesperiidae attracted to artificial lures was used to test for temporal structure among species and explore potential consequences of temporal partitioning within assemblages. Five years of intermittent transect samples at the same site revealed that diel activity was significantly partitioned among subfamilies, genera and species within this species assemblage. Calculations of reproductive isolation indicate that partitions in activity times are sufficient to provide significant prezygotic reproductive isolation among some congeneric species pairs. Temporal patterns in this assemblage are considered in light of field observations and temporal partitions are examined as a potential isolating barrier among insects. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2008, 94 , 723–736. 相似文献
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Attractive properties of pear ester, ethyl (E,Z)‐2,4‐decadienoate, and codlemone, (E,E)‐8,10‐dodecadien‐1‐ol, the sex pheromone of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), were utilized in experiments on behavioural disruption of mating. Standard dispensers loaded with codlemone alone or in combination with pear ester (combo) were applied at 500–1000/ha. Larger (10‐fold) combo dispensers (Meso) were evaluated at a rate of 80/ha. The addition of microencapsulated pear ester, PE‐MEC, sprayed with insecticides at 30 ml/ha was also evaluated. Male moth catches in unmated female‐baited traps were lower in standard combo dispenser than in codlemone dispenser–treated plots. Female moth catch in traps baited with the combination of pear ester, codlemone and acetic acid was lower in standard combo dispenser than in codlemone dispenser–treated plots. In 12 comparative experiments spanning from 2006 to 2012, male moth catch in unmated female‐baited traps was consistently and significantly lower in combo than in codlemone dispenser–treated plots. Male catch in codlemone‐baited traps did not differ between dispenser treatments in eight studies from 2006 to 2009. These results emphasize the benefit of alternatively using traps baited with unmated females over codlemone lures for the analysis of dispenser activity. Fruit injury was significantly reduced with the addition of PE‐MEC to insecticide applications across untreated and dispenser treatments. Proportion of unmated females trapped was higher in standard combo dispenser than in codlemone dispenser–treated and untreated plots. Similarly, the proportion of unmated females caught was higher in the Meso combo dispenser than in nearby or distant codlemone dispenser–treated plots. These field studies conducted in apple over 3 years demonstrate that adding pear ester both to pheromone dispensers, either standard or Meso, and to supplementary insecticide sprays can provide a significant increase in the disruption of sexual communication, reductions in female mating and reductions in fruit injury. 相似文献