Impact of Surface Active Compounds on Iron Catalyzed Oxidation of Methyl Linolenate in AOT–Water–Hexadecane Systems

Edible oils contain minor surface active components that form micro-heterogeneous environments, such as reverse micelles, which can alter the rate and direction of chemical reactions. However, little is known about the role of these micro-heterogeneous environments on lipid oxidation of bulk oil. Our objective was to evaluate the ability of water, cumene hydroperoxide, oleic acid, and phosphatidylcholine to influence the structure of reverse micelles in a model oil system: sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (aerosol-OT; AOT) in n-hexadecane. The influence of reverse micelle structure on iron catalyzed lipid oxidation was determined using methyl linolenate as an oxidizable substrate. The size and shape of the reverse micelle were investigated by small-angle x-ray scattering, and water contents was determined by Karl Fischer titrations. Lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were used to follow lipid oxidation. Our results showed that AOT formed spherical reverse micelles in hexadecane. The size of the reverse micelles increased with increased water or phosphatidylcholine concentration, but decreased upon addition of cumene hydroperoxide or oleic acid. Iron catalyzed oxidation of methyl linolenate in the reverse micelle system decreased with increasing water concentration. Addition of phosphatidylcholine into the reverse micelle systems decreased methyl linolenate oxidation compared to control and reverse micelles with added oleic acid. These results indicate that water, cumene hydroperoxide, oleic acid, and phosphatidylcholine can alter reverse micelle size and lipid oxidation rates. Understanding how these compounds influence reverse micelle structure and lipid oxidation rates could provide information on how to modify bulk oil systems to increase oxidative stability.     

α-亚麻酸甾醇酯的理化特性及氧化稳定性研究

本文研究了采用无溶剂直接酯化法合成得到的α-亚麻酸甾醇酯的理化特性、脂溶性、结晶特性、油脂氧化稳定性。结果表明,α-亚麻酸甾醇酯具有理想的理化特性,酸价和过氧化值分别为1.2 mg KOH/g和0.56meq/kg,反式脂肪酸含量小于0.1%,在不同植物油脂中的溶解性达到30%以上,结晶温度区间在-25.9～-29.6℃之间。α-亚麻酸甾醇酯在大豆油、油菜籽油和亚麻籽油中的浓度分别小于0.1%、0.1%和0.3%,油脂的氧化诱导时间随浓度增加而增加。因此α-亚麻酸甾醇酯良好的理化特性表明其在不同形态食品、保健品和医药产品等中将具有较广的应用范围,是一种具有较高营养价值的功能性食品添加剂。     

Olfactory responses of Aethina tumida murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) to some major volatile compounds from hive materials and workers of Apis mellifera

The small hive beetle (Aethina tumida Murray) is an invasive pest affecting honey bee colonies. The beetles are known to be attracted to volatiles from hive products and honey bees like Apis mellifera L. Previously we reported the presence of five major compounds from the volatile extracts of hive materials; ethyl linolenate and ethyl palmitate from pollen dough, oleamide and tetracosane in fermenting honey, and oleamide and 5-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-indole from A. mellifera worker bees. This study tested the attractiveness of the aforementioned five volatile organic compounds to small hive beetles (SHB) by Y-tube olfactometric bioassay. Ethyl linolenate was highly attractive to both male and female adults of SHB. Ethyl palmitate was attractive to SHB only at higher concentration (0.01–01 mg/ml). Interestingly, tetracosane, 5-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-indole and oleamide were repellent for SHB of both sexes, but ethyl linolenate and ethyl palmitate as components of honey bee brood pheromone attracted SHB. The results highlight that SHB differentially utilizes volatile chemicals from hive materials and honey bees as cues to locate honey bee hives.     

Inhibitory role of polyunsaturated fatty acids on lysophosphatidic acid-induced cancer cell migration and adhesion

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have important pharmacological effects on mammalian cells. Here, we show that carboxyl group-containing PUFAs inhibit lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced focal adhesion formation, thereby inhibiting migration and adhesion. Carboxyl group-containing PUFAs inhibit LPA-induced calcium mobilization, whereas ethyl ester-group containing PUFAs have no effect. In addition, carboxyl group-containing PUFAs functionally inhibit LPA-dependent RhoA activation. Given these results, we suggest that PUFAs may inhibit LPA-induced calcium/RhoA signaling pathways leading to focal adhesion formation. Carboxyl group-containing PUFAs may have a functional role in this regulatory mechanism.     

Simultaneous quantitative determination of deuterium- and carbon-13-labeled essential fatty acids in rat plasma

This study reports methods for the quantitative determination of stable isotope-labeled essential fatty acids (EFAs) as well as an experiment in which deuterium-labeled linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) were compared with those labeled with carbon-13 in rat plasma in vivo. Standard curves were constructed to compensate for concentration and plasma matrix effects. It was observed that endogenous pools of fatty acids had a greater suppressing effect on the measurements of 13C-U-labeled EFAs relative to those labeled with 2H5. Using these methods, the in vivo metabolism of orally administered deuterated-linolenate, 13C-U-labeled linolenate, deuterated-linoleate, and 13C-U-labeled linoleate was compared in adult rats (n = 11). There were no significant differences in the concentrations of the 2H versus 13C isotopomers of 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) in rat plasma samples at 24 h after dosing. Thus, there appears to be little isotope effect for 2H5- versus 13C-U-labeled EFAs when the data are calculated using the conventional standard curves and corrected for endogenous fatty acid pool size and matrix effects.     

Enzymic oxidation of linolenate by Ginkgo leaves: Fractionation and characterization of active fractions

An aqueous extract of defatted, macerated leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. catalysed the oxidation of linolenate. Extracts prepared from quickly frozen Ginkgo leaves had almost the same activity as the extract from fresh leaves but no trans-2-hexenal was formed. The activity was surprisingly stable at 100° and to acids. However, at pH 12 a marked loss of activity was observed, particularly when the soln was heated, and Pronase, also destroyed most of the activity.     

Desaturation of oleate-[14C] in leaves of barley

Etiolated barley leaves when exposed to light desaturate oleate-[¹⁴C] to linoleate. The production of substantial amounts of radioactive linolenate was found only in very young, tightly rolled leaves. In oleate-[¹⁴C] pulse experiments, radioactive linolenate first appeared in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and only after a lag period did it begin to accumulate in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG). The results indicate that in young, immature barley leaves linolenate is synthesized from oleate on the parent lipid, PC, and is then transferred to MGDG.     

Synthesis and properties of methyl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate geometric isomers

The eight geometrically isomeric methyl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoates were prepared by using the Wittig reaction to couple cis- or trans-3-hexyenyltriphenylphosphonium bromide and methyl 12-oxo-cis- or trans-9-dodecenoate. Pairs of geometric triene isomers formed were separated by partial silver resin chromatography. Physical constants including melting points, percent trans by infrared, equivalent chain lengths (ECL), and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemcial shifts are tabulated for the individual isomers.     

Lipid metabolism in ageing leaves of dark-grown barley seedlings

The rapid senescence of the etiolated leaves of dark-grown barley seedlings in the dark is accompanied by the loss of those lipids associated with the plastids. The linolenate content of the plastid glycerolipids rapidly decreased whereas it tended to increase in the extraplastidic phospholipids. Kinetin treatment slowed down the loss of the plastid lipids and their constituent fatty acids. The hormone treatment brought about increased linolenate, particularly in phosphatidylcholine and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. The senescing leaf attempts to adapt to ageing by increased membrane synthesis and/or membrane repair. Kinetin appears to control the sequential desaturation of oleate to linolenate.