南蝠海南岛分布新纪录、回声定位信号和ND1分析

2007年11月于海南省保亭黎族苗族自治县毛感乡网捕到5只蝙蝠标本.形态特征及线粒体DNAND1基因序列的研究证实其为蝙蝠科南蝠属南蝠(Ia io),该物种为海南岛翼手目新纪录.本文详述了海南岛南蝠的形态与回声定位信号特征,并与该物种已报道的数据进行了比较.     

Immunoglobulin recognition of synthetic and natural left-handed Z DNA conformations and sequences

The relative immunogenicities of the poly[d(G-C)] and poly[d(A-C) · d(G-T)] families of helices have been determined. The specificities of the resultant immunoglobulins have been characterized for recognition of different synthetic and natural left-handed sequences and conformations. Certain modifications of poly[d(G-C)] in the sugar-phosphate bacbone and cytosine C-5 potentiate the right(R)-to-left(L) (B → Z) transition under physiological conditions. The resulting polynucleotides, poly[d(G^S-C)], poly[d(G-io⁵C)], poly[d(G-br⁵C)] and poly[d(G-m⁵C)], are also highly immunogenic. In contrast, DNAs incapable of assuming the left-handed conformation under physiological salt concentrations are weakly or non-immunogenic. These include unmodified poly[d(G-C)] as well as members of the poly[d(A-C) · d(G-T)] family of sequences bearing pyrimidine C-5 substitutions (methyl, bromo, iodo). These polynucleotides undergo the R → L isomerization under more stringent ionic and thermal conditions.The specificities of purified polyclonal and monoclonal anti-Z DNA immunoglobulins (IgG) were measured by binding to radiolabeled polynucleotides, by electrophoretic analysis of IgG bound to covalent closed circular DNAs, and by immunofluorescent staining of polytene chromosomes. The salt-induced left-handed forms of poly[d(G-C)] and its derivatives (including the cytidine C-5 methyl, bromo, iodo, and N-5 aza substituted polynucleotides) and of the modified poly[d(A-C) · d(G-T)] polymers are bound to varying degrees by different antibodies. The patterns of substrate recognition demonstrate the existence of several antigenic domains in left-handed DNAs, including the helix convex surface and the sugar-phosphate backbone. Substitutions in these regions can produce enhancing (required substitutions), neutral, or inhibitory effects on subsequent IgG binding. Additionally, certain modifications of either the convex surface of Z DNA at the C-5 position of cytidine (i.e. a methyl group) or of the backbone (i.e. phosphorothioate substitution) can lead to polymorphic lefthanded conformations that are compatible with antibody binding when present individually but not in combination. The recognition patterns exhibited with DNA substrates from the two DNA families indicate that some, but not all, IgGs show specificity for different nucleotide sequences.The anti-Z DNA IgGs were used to probe for specific left-handed Z DNA determinants on plasmid (e.g. pBR322) or viral (e.g. simian virus 40 (SV40)) DNAs and on the acid-fixed polytene chromosomes of dipteran larvae. At their extracted superhelical density, the negatively supercoiled form I, but not the relaxed, nicked, or linear forms of all tested plasmid and viral DNAs specifically bind sequence-independent anti-Z IgGs. Dimers, trimers and higher oligomers of form I DNA cross-linked by bivalent anti-Z IgGs are formed with numerous (e.g. φX174, SV40, pBR322) genomes. Their occurrence depends upon IgG concentration and specificity, the conditions of ionic strength and temperatures and the DNA genome. The IgG cross-linked DNA multimers are converted to monomers by dithiothreitol reduction. Sequence-independent monovalent anti-Z Fab fragments bind form I DNA but do not generate oligomeric species. Multimers of order >2 indicate the existence of at least two anti-Z Ig binding sites per molecule, as in the case of SV40. IgGs differ in their ability to form stable complexes with some sites on natural DNAs, presumably due to their sequence and conformation binding specificities. A differential binding of these antibodies is also observed in certain bands of polytene chromosomes, such as the telomeric regions that are involved in chromosome associations.     

南蝠线粒体DNA控制区结构及贵州7个种群遗传多样性的分析研究

采用PCR技术获得了贵州7个南蝠(Ia io)自然种群42个个体的线粒体DNA控制区全序列,长度为1256～1340 bp.对控制区结构进行分析,识别了其延伸的终止结合序列区(包括ETAS1和ETAS2元件)、中央保守区(包括F、E、D、C、B元件)和保守序列区(包括CSB1、CSB2和CSB3元件);同时,在延伸的终止结合序列区还发现了若干能形成发夹结构的主体序列TACAT—ATGTA.在7个自然种群42个个体中共定义了16个单倍型.遗传多样性分析表明:贵州南蝠种群具有较高的单倍型多样性(h=0.945)和中等的核苷酸多样性(π=0.012).基因流、AMOVA和系统进化树分析表明贵州这7个南蝠自然群体间没有发生遗传分化.     

南蝠回声定位叫声的分析

蝙蝠科是翼手目中种类最繁多、分布最广泛、进化最成功的科之一 ,全球共有 42属 35 5种(Ｎｏｗａｋ ,1991)。该类群的大多数物种都以超声波回声定位来进行捕食 ,其回声定位行为的多样性以及捕食策略的多样性 ,一直都是动物生态学中的研究热点。南蝠 (Ｉａｉｏ)属蝙蝠科南蝠属 ,为单型种 ,主要分布于我国 (罗蓉等 ,1993)。它是蝙蝠科中体形最大者 ,以前对其生态学方面的研究非常少 ,而对其回声定位的研究则未见报道。南蝠捕食时的叫声与飞行及悬挂状态下的叫声的基本特征一致 (声谱图及谐波等 ) ,仅在叫声次数上有一定差异。因此本文将录制南…     

Estimating death rates from transect counts

Abstract.

• 1 The time course of abundance of adult insects emerging in discrete generations is modelled, assuming the absence of net migration and a constant death rate. The time till emergence is assumed to be logistically distributed.
• 2 The qualitative features of the model depend on one dimensionless parameter only, namely the product of the death rate and a dispersion measure for the symmetric emergence distribution.
• 3 The model is fitted to data on the abundance of five butterfly species. The tit is excellent; moreover, the estimated death rates are well within the range given in the literature (mostly 0.1–0.2 day^-1). Death rates are generally obtained by mark-recapture methods. The present model gives the opportunity to evaluate some assumptions of these methods.

     

两步连续离子交换制备色谱分离纯化聚乙二醇化重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子

建立了两步连续离子交换制备色谱分离、纯化聚乙二醇与重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子 (Recombinanthumangranulocytestimulatingfactor,rhG_CSF)偶联物的方法。首先用阳离子交换色谱将偶联蛋白质和非偶联蛋白质分开 ,然后使用阴离子交换色谱去除过量的游离聚乙二醇杂质 ,并分离纯化偶联蛋白异构体分别得到单聚乙二醇化、双聚乙二醇化和三聚乙二醇化的rhG-CSF。它们经十二烷基磺酸钠_聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 (SDS-PAGE)分析均为单带。采用基质辅助激光解吸离子化-飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF)分析三种偶联蛋白质的分子量 ,分别为 23.8kD、28.6kD、33.8kD。用噻唑蓝 (MTT)比色法 ,以粒细胞集落刺激因子的依赖细胞株NFS_6 0为靶细胞 ,测定重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子及其与聚乙二醇的偶联物的体外细胞生物学活性 ,单聚乙二醇化、双聚乙二醇化和三聚乙二醇化的rhG_CSF体外活性保留率分别为 92 %、75 %、4 3%。     

南蝠对鸟的捕食及其对昆虫的选择

2005年11月和2006年5、7、9月在贵州兴义研究了南蝠(Iaio)的食性。通过对南蝠粪便分析,发现7、9和11月份,鸟的残留羽毛在粪便中占很大比例,尤其是在11月份,鸟的羽毛占了食物组成的82%(体积百分比,下同),结果证实南蝠是一种食鸟蝙蝠。但在5月份的粪便中未发现鸟毛,而鞘翅目所占比例很大(85%);7和9月份,鸟的羽毛和鞘翅目残遗物所占的比例相当(7月份分别为44.6%和48.7%;9月份分别为51.1%和43.4%)。5、7、9、11月份南蝠取食鸟类的比例逐渐增加,而对鞘翅目的取食则逐渐减少。除取食鞘翅目外,南蝠还捕食鳞翅目、半翅目、直翅目和膜翅目等昆虫。对比捕食区内潜在的食物,发现南蝠对部分昆虫表现出明显的选择性,说明南蝠为选择性捕食者。     

Temporal occurrence of the pupal melanization reducing factor during development of the butterfly, Inachis io

Abstract. . In prepupae of Inachis io L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), a pupal melanization reducing factor (PMRF) which controls morphological colour adaptation (Bückmann & Maisch, 1987) is located in the brain, suboesophageal ganglion, thoracic ganglia, and all abdominal ganglia and their closely associated neurohaemal organs (Stamecker et al , 1994)
In animals adapted to a yellow background, PMRF content decreased in all these ganglia complexes during the prepupal stage which may be due to a release of the hormone at the critical period of the melanization reducing effect. The release of PMRF apparently occurs in a slow, but continuous, manner and may be superimposed by an incessant PMRF production at the same time recognizable by reincreasing melanization scores towards the end of prepupal and beginning of pupal stage. Therefore PMRF content in ganglia were not completely exhausted. When animals were kept on a black background, such a decline of PMRF content did not occur in both posterior ganglia complexes, whereas values from brain-suboesophageal ganglion complexes were too variable.
The target cells seem to be sensitive to PMRF treatment over a wide time range of nearly 20 h from the early stage of spinning a silk mat to 13-h-old prepupae for the melanization reducing effect.
PMRF activity was also detected in first-instar larvae and in the nervous system of third-instar larvae as well as in pupae which had completed their pigmentation. Furthermore, all three parts of the adult body still contained PMRF. Possibly PMRF may have functions in larval and adult stages in addition to its effect on morphological colour adaptation.     

Hormonal control of lutein incorporation into pupal cuticle of the butterfly Inachis and the pupal melanization reducing factor

Abstract. . Morphological colour adaptation of pupae of the butterfly Inachis io L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) is controlled by a factor which reduces cuticular melanization (Biickmann & Maisch, 1987). This so-called pupal melanization reducing factor (PMRF) is located throughout the entire central nervous system of prepupae (Stamecker et al. , 1994).
Extracts of abdominal ganglia also stimulated dose-dependently lutein incorporation into pupal cuticle. In the bioassay higher doses were required to increase cuticular lutein content than to reduce melanization. Ligatures during the prepupal stage demonstrated two different critical periods for these pigmentation effects: an early one for melanization reduction and a late one for lutein incorporation.
An initial chromatographic purification yielded only two adjacent fractions which contained both the PMRF and the stimulation of lutein incorporation activity. Therefore it is assumed that only one hormone with a dual function may be responsible for pupal pigmentation.
Lutein content was found in gut, fat body, epidermis and haemolymph of I.io. Lutein incorporation into cuticle occurred within 1.5 days of the pupal moult when the cuticle was not yet fully sclerotized. Lutein content is significantly higher in cuticle of yellow pupae than of black ones.