Albino inflorescence proliferation of Dendrocalamus latiflorus

Summary Inflorescence proliferation is a plant tissue culture technique that, can be used to obtain in vitro inflorescences year-round without the intervening development of vegetative organs. In this study, we used albino mutant inflorescences of Dendrocalamus latiflorus as the original explant material to investigate, the effect of plant growth regulators on long-term inflorescence proliferation. The albino inflorescences proliferated on solidified Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with thidiazuron (TDZ), and the optimal concentration for successful long-term inflorescence proliferation was 0.45 μM TDZ. A combination of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) with 0.45 μM TDZ inhibited the inflorescence proliferation. Inflorescences cultured on a TDZ-free medium supplemented with 26.82 μM NAA rooted in 21 d, vegetative shoots formed by 42 d and, in one case, flowering occurred after 63 d. The auxins 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D, 4.52 μM) and pieloram (4.14 μM) induced shoot formation. The protocol described can be used to produce large numbers of mutant inflorescences within a relatively short period of time.     

Determination for inflorescence development is a stable state,separable from determination for flower development in Pisum sativum L. buds

Terminal meristems of Pisum sativum (garden pea) transit from vegetative to inflorescence development, and begin producing floral axillary meristems. Determination for inflorescence development was assessed by culturing excised buds and meristems. The first node of floral initiation (NFI) for bud expiants developing in culture and for adventitious shoots forming on cultured meristems was compared with the NFI of intact control buds. When terminal buds having eight leaf primordia were excised from plants of different ages (i.e., number of unfolded leaves) and cultured on 6-benzylaminopurine and kinetin-supplemented medium, the NFI was a function of the age of the source plant. By age 3, all terminal buds were determined for inflorescence development. Determination occurred at least eight nodes before the first axillary flower was initiated. Thus, the axillary meristems contributing to the inflorescence had not formed at the time the bud was explanted. Similar results were obtained for cultured axillary buds. In addition, meristems excised without leaf primordia from axillary buds three nodes above the cotyledons of age-3 plants gave rise to adventitious buds with an NFI of 8.3 ±0.3 nodes. In contrast seed-derived plants had an NFI of 16.5 ±0.2. Thus cells within the meristem were determined for inflorescence development. These findings indicate that determination for inflorescence development in P. sativum is a stable developmental state, separable from determination for flower development, and occurring prior to initiation of the inflorescence at the level of meristems.     

从棒头草(Polypogon fugax Nees ex Steud)幼穗培养获得体细胞胚和再生植株

棒头草幼穗在含2,4-D的MS培养基上诱导出了胚性、非胚性和中间型愈伤组织。根据形态、淀粉粒等指标可将组成这些愈伤组织的细胞分为三类。改变培养基中2,4-D的浓度,能诱导三类愈伤组织相互转变。从胚性愈伤组织中诱导形成了大量体细胞胚;体细胞胚是从单个原胚细胞直接发育而来,它们能正常萌发、再生小植株。这种再生能力现已保持了34个月。小植株移植在土壤中可以正常生长、分蘖、开花和结实。     

Plant regeneration from embryogenic callus initiated from immature inflorescences of several high-tannin sorghums

A procedure was established for the induction of regenerable calli from immature inflorescence segments of high-tannin cultivars of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Murashige & Skoog's medium with several components altered was utilized for inducing, maintaining, and regenerating the cultures. Embryogenic calli formed at a frequency of 8–70% depending on the genotype. During a ten-month period, 3600 plants were regenerated from eight genotypes tested. Among the developmental stages of immature inflorescence tested (from differentiation of secondary branch primordia to floret formation) no critical differences were found in potential for callusing, embryogenesis or regeneration. Genotypic differences were observed in pigment production, embryogenic callus formation, shoot differentiation, and in maintenance of regeneration capacity.Abbreviations 2,4-D dichlorophenoxyacetic acid This is Journal Paper Number 11972 from the Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station     

水稻体细胞无性系R_1、R_2代中的雄性育性变异观察

通过水稻幼穗培养,１９９１－１９９２两年间,在５个品种（珍汕９７Ｂ、红源Ａ、包源Ａ、Ｗ６１５４ｓ,和南广占）中共获得了５０株雄性不育变异株,其中Ｒ_１代有４８株,Ｒ_２代有２株。在Ｒ１代,共获得５２６８株再生植株,雄性不育变异的平均频率为０．９１％（０．８３－１．０８％）;在Ｒ_２代（珍汕９７Ｂ）发生雄性不育变异的频率为２％。本文报道了多种花粉败育类型之间可以相互转变现象,此外不育和可育之间亦可以相互转变。对离体培养产生的雄性不育变异株用一批现有ＣＭＳ（Ｃｙｔｏｐｌａｓｍｉｃｍａｌｅｓｔｅｒｉｌｅ）不育系的典型保持系、恢复系进行测交,结果表明,Ｗ６１５４ｓ产生的雄性育性变异株仍保持核不育的特性;红源Ａ产生的雄性育性变异株有的可能是嵌合体,有的其败育花粉类型虽发生了变化,但其恢保关系并没有改变,有的则可能已转成类似ＷＡ型的不育材料;南广占产生的典败变异株,其恢保关系类似ＷＡ型,可能属核不育转成ＣＭＳ的首例发现。     

Genetic analyses of signalling in flower development using Arabidopsis

Flower development can be divided into four major steps: phase transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, formation of inflorescence meristem, formation and identity determination of floral organs, and growth and maturation of floral organs. Intercellular and intracellular signalling mechanisms must have important roles in each step of flower development, because it requires cell division, cell growth, and cell differentiation in a concerted fashion. Molecular genetic analysis of the process has started by isolation of a series of mutants with unusual flowering time, with aberrant structure in inflorescence and in flowers, and with no self-fertilization. At present more than 60 genes are identified from Arabidopsis thaliana and some of them have cloned. Although the information is still limited, several types of signalling systems are revealed. In this review, we summarize the present genetic aspects of the signalling network underlying the processes of flower development.     

Factors Affecting Plant Regeneration from Tissue Cultures of Chinese Leymus (Leymus chinensis)

Chinese leymus (Leymus chinensis Trin.) is a perennial grass of the Gramineae, which is widely distributed in China, Mongolia and in Russian-Siberian. In order to explore the potential of biotechnology for genetic improvement of this forage grass, an efficient tissue culture system was established and the factors affecting plant regeneration were evaluated. Immature inflorescence segments 3–5 mm in length from eight accessions were cultured on N6 medium supplemented with 2.26–22.60 µM 2,4-D. The callus induction frequency ranged from 72.11 to 82.19%. Shoots were differentiated from the calli on N6 medium containing 4.65 µM kinetin and 4.44 µM BA. Viable regenerants were developed on hormone-free medium. Normal plants were obtained after natural vernalization in the field. The plant regeneration frequency in Chinese leymus was associated with different genotypes and different combinations of growth regulators in medium. The concentration of 2,4-D in the callus induction medium had a strong effect on successive plant regeneration. Relatively higher concentrations of 2,4-D (i.e., 9.04 and 22.60 µM) were more favorable to the plant regeneration than lower ones (i.e., 2.26 and 4.52 µM). This is the first report on plant regeneration in vitro in L. chinensis.     

倭竹族花序演化的探讨

倭竹族隶于禾本科之竹亚科。本族计有10属约150余种。分布于东南亚季风带的印度、越南、中国及日本等国,我国产8属约120种,占该族全部属种的80％。其中唐竹属、短穗竹属、筇竹属、八月竹属等均为我国所特产,唐竹属1种早期引入日本栽培,倭竹属、大节竹属、方竹属、刚竹属等也主要分布于我国,只有少数种分布于其它国家,业平竹属和阴阳竹属为日本特产。 刚竹属计有70种之多,我国产50种以上,是本族中种类最多的属,其中有许多种类分布广、适应能力强,用途多、产量大。是重要的植物资源.尤其是毛竹,是我国亚热带地区的主要栽培竹种。 倭竹族花序演化的研究对于进一步认识和鉴别竹类植物.了解竹类植物的演化关系。使竹类植物的系统安排更加合理都是有益的。倭竹族的花序属于假花序.与真花序相比较属于原始类型。本族中花序轴反复分枝.具有极多小穗的短穗竹属,业平竹属等是比较原始的,大节竹属、唐竹属的花序简化、花序轴不分枝或仅有少数分枝,含小穗数很少是进化类型。     

Variability of the inflorescence ofMicroseris laciniata (Compositae: Cichorieae)

Quantitative characters of the flowering head of a garden population ofMicroseris laciniata were scored during the second, third, and fourth season of growth. Number of achenes per head, number of phyllaries per head and the average number of pappus parts per achene in single heads show significant plant to plant variation. Achenes per head and pappus parts per achene were scored in identical plants in two subsequent seasons. The number of pappus parts per achene varies freely between five and ten. This contrasts with annual species ofMicroseris in which either five or ten pappus parts are found, depending on the species. In spite of a clear plant-specific average of pappus parts, both high and low pappus part determination can be demonstrated in all specimens. The number of pappus parts depends on the position of an achene on the receptacle, marginal achenes usually having fewer pappus parts than central ones. This gradient is not closely correlated with the position of an achene on the genetic spiral.