Ethanol and value‐added byproducts from rice straw by dimorphic fungus Mucor hiemalis

Different morphologies of Mucor hiemalis were induced and used for the production of ethanol and biomass from rice straw through a separate hydrolysis and fermentation process. The yield of enzymatic hydrolysis was improved from 40.4% for the untreated straw to 80–93% by employing sodium hydroxide and concentrated phosphoric acid pretreatments with or without ultrasonication. The best hydrolysis performance was achieved after pretreatment by sodium hydroxide assisted with ultrasonication. The ethanol yields from the hydrolysates were 0.39–0.44 g/g depending on the pretreatment method and the fungus morphology. The yeast‐like form of the fungus showed faster glucose assimilation and slightly higher ethanol yield compared to the other morphologies. The biomass yield of mostly yeast‐like cells was more than the other morphologies (0.202–0.282 g/g glucose). Moreover, the biomass of the yeast‐like cells had more protein content (46.7–52.4 %) compared to filamentous cells (37.7–46.3 %). The cell wall, alkali‐insoluble material (AIM) of the biomass, represented 16.3–20.1% of the biomass. On average, total chitin‐chitosan content of AIM of the biomass of purely filamentous, mostly filamentous, mostly yeast‐like, and purely yeast‐like forms of the fungus was 0.460, 0.373, 0.330, and 0.336 g/g AIM of the biomass, respectively.     

中国毛霉的三个新记录种

报道了中国毛霉属的三个新记录并对它们进行了描述和简短的讨论。它们是：Mucor hiemalis f.luteus, Mucor racemosus f. chibinensis.和Mucor racemosus f. sphaerosporus.     

扦插时间对蝟实插穗生根率和相关指标的影响及生根效应综合评价

在3月5日至9月5日期间,以蝟实( Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn.)顶端枝条作为插穗,每隔10 d扦插1次,对扦插10 d后插穗的生根率,内源吲哚乙酸( IAA)、脱落酸( ABA)和赤霉素( GA3)含量,超氧化物歧化酶( SOD)、过氧化物酶( POD)和过氧化氢酶( CAT)活性以及可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量进行比较,对生根率与上述8项指标进行相关性分析和回归分析,并对这8项指标进行主成分分析;在此基础上,对不同扦插时间插穗的生根效应进行隶属函数值分析和综合评价。结果显示：随扦插时间推移,蝟实插穗的生根率总体上呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,5月下旬至7月中旬期间扦插的插穗生根率相对较高,并以6月中旬至7月中旬期间扦插的插穗为最高,总体在70%以上。随扦插时间推移,插穗中IAA和可溶性糖含量均呈波动变化趋势;而插穗中的ABA含量、POD活性和可溶性蛋白质含量总体呈先逐渐升高后逐渐降低的趋势,GA3含量和CAT活性变化不明显,SOD活性总体上呈缓慢升高的趋势。相关性分析结果表明：蝟实插穗的生根率与IAA含量、POD活性和可溶性蛋白质含量呈极显著(P<0.01)正相关,与CAT活性呈极显著负相关。主成分分析结果显示：前2个主成分的累计贡献率为84.383%,说明前2个主成分能够基本反映蝟实扦插生根的主要影响因子,其中第1主成分中可溶性蛋白质和IAA含量为主要因子,第2主成分中CAT活性为主要因子。综合评价结果显示：5月下旬至7月中旬期间扦插的蝟实插穗的综合评价指数(D)较高,为0.747~0.983,与插穗生根率的实测值基本吻合。研究结果表明：在中国西北地区,蝟实插穗的适宜扦插时间为5月下旬至7月中旬,并以6月中旬至7月中旬为最佳;扦插过程中喷施适当浓度IAA溶液可以提高插穗的生根率。     

Natural mortality of immature stages of Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae) in traditional olive groves from north-eastern Portugal

From 2006 to 2008, we studied the natural mortality of olive fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), eggs and larvae as collected in fruit on the tree, in two to five ‘traditional’ olive groves of Trás-os-Montes (north-eastern Portugal), per year. We also studied the fate of 2044 puparia that were buried in the soil from November to May for two seasons, by using exclusion cages to estimate predation. Mortality of eggs inside the fruit was estimated as between 5.4±2.4 and 16.6±6.1%, and as 10.7±2.1 and 100.0% for young larvae. Similarly, the estimated mortality of mature larvae was between 0 and 66.7±33.3%. The highest mortality levels for young larvae could reach 100% during August, and 47.4% during the first fortnight of December, coincident with high temperatures in summer or low temperatures at the end of autumn and early winter. Mortality (winter disappearance) of puparia was estimated at up to 98.5% of the population. Predation of eggs was low, at 0.6±0.3 to 6.3±4.0% in 2006, 0 to 4.1±1.1% in 2007, and 0 to 3.6±3.6% in 2008. Parasitism was insignificant during the study, and only one parasitoid was identified, the eulophid Pnigalio agraules (Walker). We also surveyed entomopathogenic fungi associated with the insect in 12 olive groves, and evaluated three of the latter against larvae, puparia, and adult B. oleae in the laboratory. Of the 15 fungal species identified from immature stages, three were considered to be entomopathogenic (i.e. Cordyceps bassiana, Penicillium corylophilum and Mucor hiemalis). We observed up to 20.0±3.2% and 94.0±2.5% mortality of larvae and puparia, respectively when treated with P. corylophilum and up to 32.5±11.1% of adults when treated with M. hiemalis.     

缬草属一些存疑种的考订

本文对缬草属的3个存疑种进行了考证和确定,它们是:鞭枝缬草Valeriana flagellifera Bet.;全叶缬草V.hiemalis Graebn.;毛口缬草V.trichostoma Hand.-Mazz.     

First record and preliminary evaluation of Mucor hiemalis as biocontrol agent on inflorescence brown rot incidence of date palm

In Egypt, inflorescence brown rot disease of date plam trees caused by Thielaviopsis paradoxa De Syenes causing high losses of pollen grains and fruits yield productivity. Infection occurs early on spathes even when it still hidden in the leaf bases. White mycelium of pathogenic fungi grows on inflorescence then turned to brown when fungus spores abundant. Isolation trails from diseased spathes showed brown rot, yielded three genus of fungal i.e. Aspergillus niger (25%), Mucor hiemalis (25%) and T. paradoxa (50%). Pathogenicity test by using fungal isolates and male inflorescence of data indicate that, all isolates of T. paradoxa were able to induce brown rot of inflorescence. Isolates of T. paradoxa were differed in pathogenic activity for producing inflorescence brown rot symptom. Also, A. niger isolate could cause slightly decay on inflorescence. Meanwhile, all isolates of M. hiemalis recorded as non pathogenic. In vitro, dual culture technique by using M. hiemalis showed antagonistic properties against T. paradoxa. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study revealed that, pollen grains of date palm are susceptible to infection by T. paradoxa, accompanied by complete lyses and ruptured. SEM examination of inflorescence treated by each of M. hiemalis or/and T. paradoxa showed that M. hiemalis was able to colonisation on inflorescence and reduced colonisation of T. paradoxa on inflorescence and pollen grains. Preliminary evaluation of M. hiemalis as a biocontrol agent showed that, spray of inflorescence with M. hiemalis suspension two days before or after infestation by T. paradoxa were reduced brown rot of inflorescence than the control. Spraying of spathes by M. hiemalis before infestation by pathogen was highly effective in reduction brown rot incidence compared with spraying after infestation. These results help to explain the role of M. hiemalis in the suppression and biological control of T. paradoxa.     

云南香格里拉叉襀科昆虫病原菌的鉴定

叉襀科Nemouroidea是襀翅目中数量最多的一个科,叉襀科昆虫也是水生生态系统环境监测的重要指示生物.为明确云南香格里拉叉襀科稚虫自然病死虫体上的病原菌并研究该病原菌对叉襀科稚虫的致病性,本研究利用常规组织分离法分离云南香格里拉叉襀科稚虫病原菌,结合形态学与分子生物学方法对两株病原菌进行鉴定,利用柯赫法则及二项式回...     

Adventitious bud production on explants of Begonia×hiemalis depends on the developmental state of the donor plant

In vitro responses can be influenced by the developmental status of the donor plant tissue. The effects of the donor plant photoperiod and the developmental stage of the plant on organogenesis of petiole explants of Begonia × hiemalis cv. Schwabenland Pink are reported. Long day plants had progressively more branches, total stem length, leaf area, and branch and shoot mass. In short days, flowering was earlier and a greater proportion of dry weight accumulation was allocated to reproductive structures. Similar explant responses were obtained from all developmental stages until flowering was well advanced in short days and then the regenerative capacity diminished. Primary measurements of donor leaves (length, area and weight) at the time of explant removal were not well correlated with adventitious bud production. Loss of regeneration was not determined by tissue or plant age but was associated with the progressive development of flowers. Thus the donor plant photoperiod only indirectly affected bud production. Organogenesis decreased with duration of short days but increased in long days and thus both the duration of the multiplication phase and the intensity of the in vitro response was enhanced by maintaining donor plants in long days.     

不同程度石漠化对金山荚蒾末端小枝的生长和生物量积累及分配的影响

以金山荚蒾(Viburnum chinshanense Graebn.)末端小枝为研究对象,通过野外调查,研究不同程度(轻度、中度、重度)石漠化生境对金山荚蒾小枝的生长形态、生物量积累及分配的影响。结果表明,在石漠化地区,金山荚蒾的小枝生物量积累受到抑制,且随石漠化程度的加剧而增大,其中,小枝花的生物量相比茎、叶下降幅度最小。与无石漠化地区相比,金山荚蒾小枝的形态指标(叶片数、叶面积、比叶面积、茎长、茎径)均显著降低,且石漠化对植物小枝茎长的抑制作用大于茎径,而叶面积受到的抑制程度最大。金山荚蒾在轻度、中度石漠化地区尽可能通过提高叶生物量比、降低茎生物量比来适应石漠化生境;但金山荚蒾在3种不同程度石漠化生境中均以提高花生物量比来增加生殖投入,从而保证其繁殖能力和种群延续;其通过减小茎、叶等营养器官投资的策略来适应严苛生境,最大程度维持生态系统的格局和稳定。     

The microbiological hydroxylation of patchoulol in Absidia coerulea and Mucor hiemalis

Patchoulol was subjected to transformation by Absidia coerulea AM93 and Mucor hiemalis AM450 strains. Both micro-organisms, which displayed differing vulnerability to the fungistatic action of the patchoulol, were capable of selective hydroxylations of the substrate. The major constituents of the mixtures after transformation were (8S)-8-hydroxypatchoulol and (9R)-9-hydroxypatchoulol; the transformation carried out by M. hiemalis resulted in the additional formation of (3R)-3-hydroxypatchoulol. The mixture of (8S)-8-hydroxypatchoulol and (9R)-9-hydroxypatchoulol can be used in the synthesis of patchoulenol, a compound with an odour very similar to that of a valuable fragrance, norpatchoulenol.