全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1113篇 |
免费 | 56篇 |
国内免费 | 86篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 13篇 |
2022年 | 22篇 |
2021年 | 22篇 |
2020年 | 37篇 |
2019年 | 39篇 |
2018年 | 40篇 |
2017年 | 44篇 |
2016年 | 35篇 |
2015年 | 43篇 |
2014年 | 59篇 |
2013年 | 114篇 |
2012年 | 69篇 |
2011年 | 68篇 |
2010年 | 61篇 |
2009年 | 70篇 |
2008年 | 63篇 |
2007年 | 76篇 |
2006年 | 46篇 |
2005年 | 42篇 |
2004年 | 30篇 |
2003年 | 36篇 |
2002年 | 33篇 |
2001年 | 14篇 |
2000年 | 24篇 |
1999年 | 14篇 |
1998年 | 16篇 |
1997年 | 8篇 |
1996年 | 7篇 |
1995年 | 13篇 |
1994年 | 11篇 |
1993年 | 9篇 |
1992年 | 11篇 |
1991年 | 11篇 |
1990年 | 6篇 |
1989年 | 4篇 |
1988年 | 3篇 |
1987年 | 6篇 |
1986年 | 4篇 |
1985年 | 5篇 |
1984年 | 6篇 |
1983年 | 7篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 2篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有1255条查询结果,搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
Big, beautiful organisms are useful for biological education, increasing evolution literacy, and biodiversity conservation. But if educators gloss over the ubiquity of streamlined and miniaturized organisms, they unwittingly leave students and the public vulnerable to the idea that the primary evolutionary plot of every metazoan lineage is “progressive” and "favors" complexity. We show that simple, small, and intriguingly repulsive invertebrate animals provide a counterpoint to misconceptions about evolution. Our examples can be immediately deployed in biology courses and outreach. This context emphasizes that chordates are not the pinnacle of evolution. Rather, in the evolution of animals, miniaturization, trait loss, and lack of perfection are at least as frequent as their opposites. Teaching about invertebrate animals in a “tree thinking” context uproots evolution misconceptions (for students and the public alike), provides a mental scaffold for understanding all animals, and helps to cultivate future ambassadors and experts on these little‐known, weird, and fascinating taxa. 相似文献
2.
3.
Food sharing: a model of manipulation by harassment 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Most analyses of food-sharing behavior invoke complex explanationssuch as indirect and delayed benefits for sharing via kin selectionand reciprocal altruism. However, food sharing can be a moregeneral phenomenon accounted for by more parsimonious, mutualisticexplanations. We propose a game theoretical model of a generalsharing situation in which food owners share because it is
in their own self-interestthey avoid high costs associatedwith beggar harassment. When beggars harass, owners may benefitfrom sharing part of the food if their consumption rate islow relative to the rate of cost accrual. Our model predictsthat harassment can be a profitable strategy for beggars if
they reap some direct benefits from harassing other than sharedfood (such as picking up scraps). Therefore, beggars may manipulatethe owner's fitness payoffs in such a way as to make sharingmutualistic. 相似文献
4.
This scanning-electron microscopic study demonstrates the convergent evolution of the mouthparts of various herbivorous stream animals (insects from different orders, an isopod, snails, fish, and a tadpole) feeding on epilithic algal pastures. This food source is rich but is often difficult to harvest. Nevertheless, a large number of species can live on it because they have evolved highly specialized mouthparts. There are four functional problems that an algae grazer has to solve: the algae must be removed from the stone, they have to be collected and crushed, and a current shield is needed to prevent the water flow sweeping away the food. Among the 30 algae grazers examined in this study, a limited number of morphological solutions have been found for each of these adaptational problems. There are multiple evolutionary pathways for mouthpart adaptation and even closely related species have often evolved different types of tools for the same function. This refects the existence of a certain amount of evolutionary scope. Such freedom of evolution is present, however, only at the beginning of the adaptiogenesis of an algae grazer. Once one of the evolutionary pathways is taken, further improvement of the mouthparts is possible only by the refinement of the ‘chosen’ type of tools. The consequence of this is that a large number of astonishing convergences have occurred in algae grazers that have independently trodden the same evolutionary pathway. 相似文献
5.
Nina Safar-Hermann Mohammed N. Ismail Han Sun Choi Erich Mstl Elmar Bamberg 《Zoo biology》1987,6(2):189-193
Estrogen concentration in feces was investigated in five different herbivorous species of zoo animals. Using a nonspecific estrogen radioimmunoassay, in four species (red buffalo, yak, Grevy's zebra, and Nubian ibex) pregnancy was revealed by measuring estrogen concentration in feces. In hippopotamus, the levels of fecal estrogens were not different between pregnant and nonpregnant animals. 相似文献
6.
转铁蛋白结构与功能的研究——骆驼血清转铁蛋自的分离纯化及其含单一铁结合部位的结构域的制备和鉴定 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
分离纯化获得的骆驼血清转铁蛋白由分子量为73,000和63,000两个组分组成。两者至少N-端五肽顺序相同(Met-Pro-Asp-Lys-Thr)。骆驼血清转铁蛋白在生理pH下不能与人胎盘转铁蛋白受体结合。用胰蛋白酶酶解骆驼转铁蛋白可以同时得到两个合单一铁结合部位的结构域,分别来自转铁蛋白分子的N-端称N-端结构域(分子量34,700和40,700)和C-端称C-端结构域(分子量35,100)。在上述结果的基础上指出并讨论了反刍动物转铁蛋白在结构和功能上存在更多的共同性,而与其它哺乳动物的转铁蛋白有着明显的区别。 相似文献
7.
The feasibility of introducing foreign genes into the genomes of cattle, goats, pigs, and sheep has only recently been demonstrated. Studies have thus far focused on improving growth efficiency or directing expression of pharmaceutical proteins to the mammary glands of these species. The general strategy for producing transgenic livestock and mice is similar. In addition to the obvious difference in scale between mice and livestock experiments, there are noteworthy obstacles that significantly reduce the efficiency of producing transgenic livestock. Low embryo viability, low transgene integration rates, and high animal costs contribute to project costs that can easily exceed hundreds of thousands of dollars. A better understanding of the mechanisms that govern transgene integration should lead to improved efficiencies. But, the full potential of the transgenic livestock system will not be fully realized until: 1) gene constructs can be designed that function in a reproducible, predictable manner; and 2) the genetic control of physiological processes are more clearly elucidated. Newly emerging approaches may resolve at least some of these issues within the next decade. 相似文献
8.
Oxyhaemoglobins from erythrocytes of different animals including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals and human beings
have been isolated by ion-exchange chromatography over phosphocellulose and the comparative rates of autoxidation of oxyhaemoglobin
studied. The mechanism of autoxidationin vitro has been elucidated using toad as well as human oxyhaemoglobin. Autoxidation is markedly inhibited by carbon monoxide as
well as by anion ligands, namely, potassium cyanide, sodium azide and potassium thiocyanate. The inhibition by anions is in
the same order as their strength as nucleophiles, indicating that it is the oxyhaemoglobin and not the ligand-bound deoxy
species which undergoes autoxidation. The structure of oxyhaemoglobin is considered to be mainly
and determination of the rate of autoxidation with or without using superoxide dismutase and catalase indicates that the
initial process of autoxidation takes place by dissociation of
to methaemoglobin and superoxide to the extent of 24%. The superoxide thus produced reattacks oxyhaemoglobin to produce further
methaemoglobin and hydrogen peroxide. H2O2 is a major oxidant of oxyhaemoglobin producing methaemoglobin to the extent of 53%. A tentative mechanism of autoxidation
showing the sequence of reactions involving superoxide, H2O2 and OH has been presented. 相似文献
9.
In this paper, the attainability of ESS of the evolutionary game among n players under the frequency-independent selection is studied by means of a mathematical model describing the dynamical development and a concept of stability (strongly determined stability). It is assumed that natural selection and small mutations cause the phenotype to change gradually in the direction of fitness increasing. It is shown that (1) the ESS solution is not always evolutionarily attainable in the evolutionary dynamics, (2) in the game where the interaction between two species is completely competitive, the Nash solution is always attainable, and (3) one of two species may attain the state of minimum fitness as a result of evolution. The attainability of ESS is also examined in two game models on the sex ratio of wasps and aphids in light of our criterion of the attainability of ESS. 相似文献
10.
大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanolenca)显带染色体的研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
大熊猫系我国特产的世界珍稀动物,素有“活化石”和“国宝”之称。限于材料来源,虽有核型的少数报道(邓承宗等,1980;陈文元等,1984;Newnham et al.,1966),但研究尚不够深入。1980年,Wurster-Hill和Bush首先报道了大熊猫()的显带核型,并与杂交熊等比较,探讨了大熊猫的分类地位。本文对四只大熊猫的G带、C带核型和Ag-NORs作了分析,绘制了G带核型模式图,并提出了某些商榷的意见。 相似文献