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1.
Hitoshi Sawada Hideyoshi Yokosawa Shin-Ichi Ishii Motonori Hoshi 《Molecular reproduction and development》1982,5(3):291-301
The presence of a protease has been demonstrated in sperm of the solitary ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi, by using t-butyloxycarbonyl-L-Val-L-Pro-L-Arg-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide (Boc-Val-Pro-Arg-MCA) and other arginyl or lysyl MCA derivatives as substrates. Several properties of the enzyme were investigated in a crude extract. The activity had a pH optimum near 8.0 and was enhanced by the addition of CaCl2. The Km value of 87μM was determined for Boc-Val-Pro-Arg-MCA under the optimal conditions. An apparent molecular weight was estimated to be 35,000 by gel filtration. The enzyme was inhibited with diisopropyl fluorophosphate, leupeptin, antipain, p-aminobenzamidine, Val-Pro-Arg-CH2Cl, and soybean trypsin inhibitor, but scarcely inhibited with chymostatin, elastatinal, p-chloromercuribenzoic acid, tosyl-Lys-CH2Cl, and tosyl-Phe-CH2Cl. Boc-Val-Pro-Arg-MCA, the most susceptible of the substrates examined, showed the most effective inhibition against fertilization of ascidian eggs. Thus, this enzyme in ascidian sperm extract has features closely similar to mammalian acrosin [EC 3.4.21.10], and we conclude that the enzyme is involved in fertilization as one of the lysins. 相似文献
2.
Fire has historically been an important ecological component of forests in the Intermountain Region of the northwestern United States. This study is set in a small biogeographically disjunct mountain range. Our research objectives were to (1) investigate the historical frequency, severity, size, and spatial pattern of fire; (2) determine if and how fire regimes have changed since Euro-American settlement; and (3) compare how fire regimes of a small isolated range compare to nearby, but considerably larger, mountain agglomerations. Our findings suggest that this mountain range has historically supported fires typified by small size and high frequency, resulting in a high degree of spatial pattern complexity compared to mountain agglomerations. We also found disparity in size and burn severity solely within the study area based on the bisecting Continental Divide. Since the advent of Euro-American settlement in the 1870s, fire frequency and sizes of individual fires in the West Big Hole Range have significantly decreased resulting in an estimated 87% reduction in area burned. We discuss potential relationships of mountain range isolation and fire regimes in the Intermountain Region. Furthermore, we suggest that the relative small size of this mountain range predisposes it to greater anthropogenic effects upon fire occurrence. 相似文献
3.
4.
S. C. Ng A. H. Sathananthan P. C. Wong S. S. Ratnam J. Ho H. Mok M. N. Lee 《Molecular reproduction and development》1988,19(3):253-263
Previous studies by a French group (Fertil Steril 44:645–651, 1985) have shown that two-to eight-cell human embryos can survive slow freeze-thawing with propanediol in a biological freezer. These embryos were assessed for morphological appearance by phase-contrast microscopy. We assessed the structure of 25 frozen-thawed one- to 12-cell embryos, obtained from our in vitro fertilization (IVF) and GIFT programmes, by phase-contrast and electron microscopy, using the same method of cryopreservation. One-fourth of the embryos examined had all cells intact, and more than one-half the embryos had over 50% of their cells well preserved. Some of these embryos had unequal blastomeres and cytoplasmic fragments. Ultrastructural assessment revealed good preservation of fine structure in the intact blastomeres of all embryos and maintenance of cell-to-cell contacts. Most cytoplasmic organelles, cell membranes, and nuclei were well preserved compared to nonfrozen controls. The cells that were cryoinjured showed varying degrees of disorganization of the cell membrane, cytosol, and cellular membranes, including swelling and disruption of the nuclear envelope. Disruption of the zona was somewhat rare. Small cytoplasmic fragments were less prone to cryoinjury than blastomeres. The use of propanediol for embryo cryopreservation seems to be feasible; frozen embryos with more than 50% cells intact have produced 10 pregnancies after embryo transfer (Fertil Steril 46:268–272, 1986). Replacement of 17 frozen embryos in seven patients has resulted in a twin pregnancy in Singapore. However, the effects of freezing on the mitotic spindles of embryonic cells need to be investigated further. 相似文献
5.
Because the acrosome of human sperm is too small to be directly visualized by phase-contrast microscopy, acrosome reactions (that is loss of the acrosome) are generally not evaluated in studies of human sperm capacitation and fertilization. Nevertheless, it would be useful in such studies to have a technique for easily identifying and quantitating acrosome-reacted sperm. In this paper, we describe a method for labeling the human sperm acrosome with fluorescein-conjugated Ricinus communis agglutinin-60 (FITC-RCA); we show that in sperm without acrosomal caps, FITC-RCA labeling occurs either not at all or only in the equatorial segment of the acrosome. To determine if the absence of FITC-RCA labeling in the acrosomal cap region gives a reliable estimate of acrosome reactions, washed sperm or sperm incubated in a capacitating medium (BWW) were divided into two groups, which were then fixed for FITC-RCA labeling or transmission electron microscopy. Counts of acrosome reactions made by each method were similar, and we observed an increase in the percentage of reactions following incubation in BWW. We conclude that the FITC-TCA labeling technique is a reliable method for accurately scoring the percentage of acrosome-reacted human sperm. 相似文献
6.
In extant brachiopods, parental brooding of the larvae occurs exclusively within Rhynchonelliformea. Methods of larval protection range from simple retention of the larvae within the mantle cavity, to sophisticated brood care within highly specialized brood pouches found in Argyrotheca and Joania (Terebratulida, Megathyridoidea), Gwynia (Terebratulida, Gwynioidea), and all Thecideoidea (Thecideida). Previous studies on the reproductive biology of Argyrotheca yielded contrasting results on the epithelial origin of the brood pouches in this genus. Here, representatives of different species of Argyrotheca from the Belize Barrier Reef were examined using histological section series. Brood pouches of four species, A. cf. schrammi and Argyrotheca sp. 1–3, are of the same basic structure, formed by invaginations of the anterior body wall and connected to the visceral cavity via the metanephridia. The same four species are simultaneously hermaphroditic, suggesting that fertilization is achieved, at least partly, through selfing. One species, Argyrotheca rubrocostata, differs significantly from all others as it has no brood pouch and gonochoric gonads. Thus, the presence of brood pouches and simultaneous hermaphroditism are concluded to be correlated within Megathyridoidea and proposed to be homologous traits of Joania and several but not all species of Argyrotheca, questioning the monophyletic status of both genera. In contrast to the brood pouches of Thecideoidea, lophophoral epithelium is not involved in the formation of the pouches of Argyrotheca and Joania. Therefore, megathyridoid and thecideoid brood pouches are not homologous but evolved independently within rhynchonelliform brachiopods. All brachiopods with brood pouches share a micromorphic form and a short life span, limiting the space and time available for gamete and larval development. We suggest that the brood pouches and the hermaphroditic gonads of Argyrotheca spp. and Joania compensate these limitations by minimizing the loss of gametes and larvae, and by maximizing the chances of successful fertilization. J. Morphol., 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
7.
V. V. Galat 《Russian Journal of Developmental Biology》2000,31(1):1-8
Recent success in assisted fertilization mainly depended on the development of sperm microinjection methods: intracytoplasmic
sperm injection and subzonal insemination. Some basic mechanisms that under-lie fertilization were revealed by using intracytoplasmic
sperm injection. In respect to this, problems of fertility, oocyte activation, formation of pronuclei and practical aspects
of intracytoplasmic sperm injection are discussed. 相似文献
8.
Little work has been carried out on the sperm recognition systems present on the egg plasma membrane. Here it is shown that wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) interferes with the sperm-interacting system on the plasma membrane of eggs of the ascidian, Ascidia ceratodes. The WGA activates the dechorionated egg, indicating that a plasma membrane sugar residue can be directly tied to egg activation. Low concentrations of this lectin do not activate the eggs, but reduce fertilizability. This observation suggests that the WGA binding site might be part of a sperm reception–activation complex in the plasma membrane. While WGA also affects sperm binding to the chorion, the mechanisms of sperm interaction at the plasma membrane and chorion show different sensitivities to lectins, sugars and enzymes. 相似文献
9.
Jun‐Bo Luan Yong‐Ming Ruan Li Zhang Shu‐Sheng Liu 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2008,129(3):316-324
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is a species complex, and its systematic classification requires controlled crossing experiments among its genetic groups. Accurate information on pre‐copulation intervals, copulation frequencies, and initial frequency of egg fertilization of newly emerged adults is critical for designing procedures for collecting the virgin adults necessary for these experiments. In the literature, considerable variation is reported between B. tabaci populations, with respect to the length of the pre‐copulation interval and the initial frequency of egg fertilization. Here, we used a video‐recording method to observe continuously the copulation behaviour of the Mediterranean/Asia Minor/Africa (B biotype) and the Asia II (ZHJ1 biotype) groups of B. tabaci. We also recorded the initial frequency of egg fertilization, as determined by the sex of the progeny. When adults were caged in female–male pairs on leaves of cotton plants, the earliest copulation events occurred 2–6 h after emergence; at 12 h after emergence 56–84% of the females had copulated at least once, and nearly all (92–100%) had copulated at least once by 36 h after emergence. Both females and males copulated repeatedly. Approximately 80 and 20% of copulation events occurred during the photophase and scotophase, respectively. By 72 h post‐emergence, the females of the B and ZHJ1 biotypes had copulated on average 6.1 and 3.9 times, respectively. When adults were caged in groups on plants 1–13 h after emergence, 30–35% of the eggs deposited during this period were fertilized, and approximately 90% of females were fertilized by the end of the 13 h. Although timing of copulation differed in detail between the two genetic groups, the results demonstrate that B. tabaci adults can start to copulate as early as 2–6 h post‐emergence and the majority of females can become fertilized on the day that they emerge. 相似文献
10.
Summary Time-course experiments of phosphate uptake by size-fractionated phytoplankton were conducted in oligotrophic Kennedy and Sproat Lakes. The objective was to determine if large phytoplankton obtained more phosphate than smaller cells, when the nutrient was present at higher concentrations. Studies at Kennedy Lake revealed that uptake rates in the 0.2–3.0 m fraction were very sensitive to the time they were exposed to elevated concentrations; rates determined over the 60–120 min interval were less than 30% of those recorded over the 0–60 min interval. In contrast, there was little difference in uptake rates over these intervals for cells>3.0 m. At Sproat Lake phosphate incorporation into the two size fractions was followed after the aerial fertilization of the lake with inorganic nutrients. Following nutrient addition the proportion of phosphate entering the>3.0 m size fraction increased from ca. 35% to ca. 85%. Despite these observations, it is doubtful that larger cells are able to sequester enough phosphate from pulses to realize the same specific growth rates as their smaller counterparts. 相似文献