Substrate and metal complexes of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae provide new insights into the catalytic mechanism

3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthases are metal-dependent enzymes that catalyse the first committed step in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in microorganisms and plants, the condensation of 2-phophoenolpyruvate (PEP) and d-erythrose 4-phosphate (E4P) to DAHP. The DAHP synthases are possible targets for fungicides and represent a model system for feedback regulation in metabolic pathways. To gain further insight into the role of the metal ion and the catalytic mechanism in general, the crystal structures of several complexes between the tyrosine-regulated form of DAHP synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and different metal ions and ligands have been determined. The crystal structures provide evidence that the simultaneous presence of a metal ion and PEP result in an ordering of the protein into a conformation that is prepared for binding the second substrate E4P. The site and binding mode of E4P was derived from the 1.5A resolution crystal structure of DAHP synthase in complex with PEP, Co2+, and the E4P analogue glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Our data suggest that the oxygen atom of the reactive carbonyl group of E4P replaces a water molecule coordinated to the metal ion, strongly favouring a reaction mechanism where the initial step is a nucleophilic attack of the double bond of PEP on the metal-activated carbonyl group of E4P. Mutagenesis experiments substituting specific amino acids coordinating PEP, the divalent metal ion or the second substrate E4P, result in stable but inactive Aro4p-derivatives and show the importance of these residues for the catalytic mechanism.     

大肠杆菌CM/PDT抗反馈抑制突变体的构建及其性质

为了获得具有高催化活性且抗反馈抑制的大肠杆菌分支酸变位酶 预苯酸脱水酶 (chorismatemutase prephenatedehydrataseCM PDT) [EC5 .4 .99.5 EC4 .2 .1.5 1],通过相关菌种CM PDT氨基酸序列同源比较 ,寻找高度保守位点 .用定点突变及PCR法构建突变酶M1(缺失 30 4T、30 5G、Q30 6K)、M2 (缺失W 338)、M3(缺失 30 1～ 386位氨基酸 )、M32 9(E32 9A)和M374 (C374A) ,野生型及各突变型基因与pET2 8a(+ )载体连接后 ,表达融合蛋白 .在非变性条件下 ,由TALON金属螯合亲和层析柱纯化野生型和突变体的酶蛋白 .酶活性测定表明 ,突变体M3的PDT活性下降为野生型活性的 2 9% ,但保持了CM活性 .突变体M374保持了CM ,PDT两种酶的活性 ,突变体M1、M2、M32 9的CM ,PDT活性有一定程度的提高 .酶抗反馈抑制作用检测表明 ,突变体M3、M374解除了苯丙氨酸的反馈抑制作用 ,M1、M2、M32 9部分解除了苯丙氨酸的反馈抑制作用 .与含野生型pheA基因的E .coliBL2 1菌株相比 ,含突变基因的E .coliBL2 1菌株对 10mmol L的苯丙氨酸代谢类似物具有强的抗反馈抑制作用 ,其中M1,M2 ,M3对 2 0mmol L的类似物具有抗反馈抑制作用     

Cultural Conditions for l-Leucine Production by Strain No. 218, a Mutant of Brevibacterium lactofermentum 2256

The excellent l-leucine producing mutant No. 218, derived from a biotin requiring glutamic acid producing strain, is methionine and isoleucine auxotrophic. A suboptimum growth condition made by adding a limiting amount of isoleucine was necessary for the maximum production of l-leucine. On the other hand, methionine was indifferent to the productivity if sufficiently supplied for growth.

Biotin of more than 50 μg/liter caused the accumulation of l-leucine; less than 50 μg/liter, however, gave a drastic change in accumulation pattern from l-leucine to l-glutamic acid. Strain No. 218 produced 28 mg/ml of l-leucine after 72 hr cultivation when 13 % glucose was supplied as a carbon source, thus giving the yield of 21.6%.

Effects on l-leucine production of concentrations of inorganic salts, pH, temperature and aeration were also investigated.