色季拉山不同腐解等级华山松倒木上的苔藓植物组合

倒木是森林生态系统维持健康和更新的重要组成部分, 在倒木不同腐解阶段, 倒木上定植的苔藓植物组合的差异尚不清楚。为深入探讨倒木上苔藓植物组合变化规律及其影响因素, 该文对西藏色季拉山同一地点不同腐解程度的4株华山松(Pinus armandii)倒木上的苔藓植物进行了样方调查和数据分析。结果表明: 4株倒木上40个样方共有苔藓植物22科52种, 其中藓类13科38种, 苔类9科14种; 以恒有优势种为特征进行划分, 共得到14个物种组合。随着倒木腐解程度加大以及周围环境的不断改变, 生长其上的苔藓植物物种多样性逐渐增加, 但组合数量和苔藓总盖度却呈现先增大后减小的趋势。苔藓物种由耐旱性强的丛生型藓类, 如木灵藓科、白发藓科, 逐渐演替为喜阴湿环境、快速生长的垫状或毯状藓类, 如提灯藓科、羽藓科和青藓科。倒木苔藓植物组合空间结构复杂程度逐渐增大。倒木是多种苔藓植物选择的重要生长基质, 其上苔藓植物受倒木的腐解程度、水分和光照等条件的影响而发生相应的物种组合变化。     

Rainfall in prior breeding seasons influences population size of a small marsupial

The imposition of the stresses of climate change (higher temperatures and in many regions lower rainfall) on existing stressors, such as habitat loss and degradation, will increase pressures on native fauna already experiencing declines. We focused on assessing how the ‘Big Dry’ (severe drought, 1997–2010) in south‐eastern Australia affected populations of a small marsupial carnivore, the yellow‐footed antechinus (Antechinus flavipes), in box‐ironbark forests, which suffer a range of anthropogenic disturbances. Trapping of the mammal was conducted on 136 (0.25 ha) sites in two box‐ironbark forests in 2004, 2005 and 2011 (46 or 64 sites per year). Capture rates of all distinct individuals, males and second‐year females with suckled teats, and the number of suckled teats were positively associated with rainfall in the previous September (time of lactation and deposition of young in nests). Despite differences between forests in capture rates of all individuals, the positive effect of rainfall was evident in both forests. Populations in one forest, Chiltern, were substantially larger than other locations surveyed in 2004 and 2005, yet crashed to small numbers in 2011. This crash was most likely due to low rainfall in the preceding years including the lowest recorded annual rainfall (2006), below‐average annual rainfall (2007, 2008 and 2009) and well‐below‐average rainfall in September (2006, 2007 and 2008). The predicted drying and warming climate in south‐eastern Australia and habitat loss and degradation pose a threat to the viability of the yellow‐footed antechinus in box‐ironbark forests. An integrated approach to small‐mammal management is necessary given that the region may be facing additional losses, especially during droughts, to those already experienced since the early 1800s. Our work emphasizes the need to identify specific effects of stressors on vital demographic characteristics of species.     

几内亚甘蔗象Rhabdoscelus obscurus随进境原木传入扩散的风险分析

根据国际植物检疫措施标准(ISPM)规定的有害生物风险性分析程序,利用相关风险分析模型,从国内分布状况、潜在的危害性、受害寄主的经济重要性、传播和扩散的可能性及风险性管理难度5个方面对几内亚甘蔗象传入扩散风险进行定性、定量分析。结果表明其综合风险值R为2.57,属于高度危险的有害生物。据此提出了3条风险管理对策,以期使风险降低到可接受水平。     

Seedbed and moisture availability determine safe sites for early Thuja occidentalis (Cupressaceae) regeneration

Regeneration of many late-successional tree species depends on specialized safe sites. The primary objective was to investigate the roles of seedbed and moisture retention as dimensions of safe sites for the early regeneration of drought-sensitive northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). We hypothesized that rates of germination, survival, and growth of T. occidentalis are unlikely to differ among seedbed types under conditions of abundant water, but that differences are likely to emerge as water becomes more limited. In a 67-d greenhouse experiment, cedar seeds were sown on logs, leaf litter, and soil of cedar and paper birch (Betula papyrifera) canopy origin. Seedbeds were subjected to three water treatments. Among the water treatments, highest germination rates occurred within the high water treatment, although germination on cedar litter was comparable to that of the low water treatment. Higher germination and survival rates occurred on decayed logs than other natural seedbeds for medium (P = 0.001) and low (P < 0.0001) water treatments. Germination on birch logs occurred at higher rates than on cedar logs within the low water treatment (P = 0.04). Seedling growth for the medium water treatment was lower on leaf litter than any other type of seedbed (P < 0.01). Results generally demonstrated that the interplay between seedbed and moisture retention is a component of safe sites for T. occidentalis regeneration.     

Patterns of fungal communities among and within decaying logs, revealed by 454 sequencing

Owing to previous methodological limitations, knowledge about the fine-scale distribution of fungal mycelia in decaying logs is limited. We investigated fungal communities in decaying Norway spruce logs at various spatial scales at two environmentally different locations in Sweden. On the basis of 454 pyrosequencing of the ITS2 region of rDNA, 1914 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected in 353 samples. The communities differed significantly among logs, but the physical distance between logs was not found to have a significant effect on whether fungal communities had any resemblance to each other. Within a log, samples that were closer together generally had communities that showed more resemblance to each other than those that were further apart. OTUs characteristic for particular positions on the logs could be identified. In general, these OTUs did not overlap with the most abundant OTUs, and their ecological role was often unknown. Only a few OTUs were detected in the majority of logs, whereas numerous OTUs were rare and present in only one or a few logs. Wood-decaying Basidiomycetes were often represented by higher sequence reads in individual logs than Ascomycete OTUs, suggesting that Basidiomycete mycelia spread out more rapidly when established. OTU richness tended to increase with the decay stage of the sample; however, the known wood decayers were most abundant in less-decomposed samples. The fungi identified in the logs represented different ecological strategies. Our findings differ from previously published sporocarp studies, indicating that the highly abundant fruiting species may respond to environment in different ways than the rest of the fungal community.     

A comparison of Passalidae (Coleoptera, Lamellicornia) diversity and community structure between primary and secondary tropical forest in Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico

Comparison of the diversity and community structure of Coleoptera (Passalidae) collected in Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico, in primary and secondary tropical forest has been carried out. The saproxylophagous beetles studied can be differentiated according to their presence in three distinct microhabitats of rotting logs: underbark, sapwood—heartwood and microhabitat generalists. Over the 2-year study period, 12 passalid species were recorded (six Passalini and six Proculini) represented by a total of 2971 individuals, collected from 234 rotting logs. The rarefaction method, the lognormal species—abundance relationship, and the nonparametric jackknife method were used to compare species richness between the habitats. The data were also fitted to log series, truncated lognormal, geometric, and broken-stick species abundance models to detect changes in community structure. The community composition of Passalidae in Los Tuxtlas did not differ ostensibly between the primary and secondary forests. Neither the mean number of individuals nor the biomass per log differed significantly. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between the two habitats in terms of the number of underbark, sapwood/heartwood, and microhabitat generalist species. Different richness estimators indicated that the primary forest community is only slightly richer. The slight decrease in richness of the secondary forest is related to a decrease in dominance by certain species, as well as to a more balanced abundance distribution, which is adequately described by the broken-stick model. Complementary explanations for this pattern may be: (1) that logging reduces the abundance of dominant species, thus preventing competitive exclusion in the secondary forest; and (2) that passalid diversity is not regulated by the diversity of tree species.     

Bryophyte societies on the fallen logs of Pinus armandii with different decay classes in Sygera Mountains

倒木是森林生态系统维持健康和更新的重要组成部分, 在倒木不同腐解阶段, 倒木上定植的苔藓植物组合的差异尚不清楚。为深入探讨倒木上苔藓植物组合变化规律及其影响因素, 该文对西藏色季拉山同一地点不同腐解程度的4株华山松(Pinus armandii)倒木上的苔藓植物进行了样方调查和数据分析。结果表明: 4株倒木上40个样方共有苔藓植物22科52种, 其中藓类13科38种, 苔类9科14种; 以恒有优势种为特征进行划分, 共得到14个物种组合。随着倒木腐解程度加大以及周围环境的不断改变, 生长其上的苔藓植物物种多样性逐渐增加, 但组合数量和苔藓总盖度却呈现先增大后减小的趋势。苔藓物种由耐旱性强的丛生型藓类, 如木灵藓科、白发藓科, 逐渐演替为喜阴湿环境、快速生长的垫状或毯状藓类, 如提灯藓科、羽藓科和青藓科。倒木苔藓植物组合空间结构复杂程度逐渐增大。倒木是多种苔藓植物选择的重要生长基质, 其上苔藓植物受倒木的腐解程度、水分和光照等条件的影响而发生相应的物种组合变化。     

红松阔叶林倒木贮量动态的研究

在森林倒木研究的基础上探讨长白山红松阔叶林倒木贮量的动态,涉及红松阔叶林倒木分解及其贮量的动态规律。研究表明,倒木分解,除心腐木外,均由表及里进行;倒木分解速率在其它生态条件相同时因树种、直径和部位而异。红松阔叶林倒木贮量动态包括现有倒木贮量和倒木年输入量两个分解动态过程,现有倒木贮量在头100年其干重迅速减少,其中椴树比红松尤速,前者分解91%,后者为72%.林地倒木贮量动态与倒木年输入量分解动态相似,但前者在分解初期贮量增加较大,因为部分现有倒木未完全分解;100年后趋于一致,并恒定于16～17t·hm^-2,直至群落的顶极阶段结束.     

松材线虫入侵后不同伐倒干扰强度对马尾松林植物多样性的影响

以松材线虫入侵马尾松林后经过不同伐倒干扰强度经营形成的不同群落类型作为研究对象,对9个群落类型的物种多样性进行了研究.结果表明,乔木层物种多样性指数大小排列顺序为: 马尾松纯林受害皆伐后形成的阔叶林(富阳)＞轻度受害的马尾松 木荷混交林(富阳)＞对照＞轻度受害的马尾松 纯林(富阳)＞马尾松 栓皮栎混交林受害择伐后形成的栓皮栎林(舟山)＞马尾松纯林受害皆伐后形成的马尾松幼龄林(富阳)＞马尾松纯林受害择伐后形成的枫香林(舟山)＞受害的黑松 马尾松混交林(舟山)＞受害的马尾松纯林(舟山).灌木层舟山马尾松纯林的3种多样性指数均最低,其余各地相差不大.草本层马尾松幼树纯林、栓皮栎林和枫香林的3个指数较高.不同地理位置和不同受害程度的马尾松林植物多样性差异显著;不同干扰程度、不同恢复方式下马尾松林内的植物多样性差异也显著.建立了伐倒干扰强度指数,发现物种多样性指数随伐倒干扰强度指数的变化规律符合“中间高度膨胀”理论.协方差分析结果表明,所建的指数能有效地反映松材线虫入侵及病木伐除后马尾松林植物多样性的变化.     

寒温带针叶林优势树种倒木分解真菌群落多样性及功能差异

为了揭示寒温带针叶林不同树种倒木分解中真菌群落的分布格局,探讨影响倒木真菌群落分布的养分驱动因子。采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术和R语言等分析方法对微生物多样性数据进行信息挖掘,解析白桦(Betula platyphylla Suk.)、兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii(Rupr.)Kuzen)、樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv.)倒木分解初期真菌群落的多样性及功能差异。研究发现,寒温带针叶林中白桦、樟子松倒木优势菌群为Basidiomycota(担子菌门)、Trichaptum(附毛菌属),兴安落叶松倒木优势菌群为Ascomycota(子囊菌门)、Acidea菌属。多样性分析表明,不同树种倒木真菌群落的Alpha多样性由高到低依次为兴安落叶松、白桦、樟子松,树种的差异极显著的改变了操作分类单元(OTU)、属水平上倒木真菌群落的Beta多样性。菌群生态分析表明,腐生型是3种倒木上优势真菌的主要生态类型,木质腐生为白桦、樟子松倒木上真菌的主要生活方式,土壤腐生为兴安落叶松真菌类群的主要生活方式。养分关联分析表明,pH、全碳(TC)、全氮(TN)、碳氮比(C/N)、半纤维素、木质素等养分指标在3种倒木间存在显著性差异,其中含水率(MC)、TC、TN、纤维素、半纤维素是影响倒木优势真菌群落分布的主要养分因素。不同树种对倒木真菌群落的富集具有差异性,这种差异带来的微生物多样性及功能变化对寒温带森林生态系统的物质循环具有重要的科学意义。