Evolutionary trends of the hairy-faceSaguinus in terms of the dental and cranial morphology

Shape variations in the dentition and the cranium were analyzed for sevenSaguinus forms of the hairy-face tamarin by applying the factor analysis method. The results obtained for the dental and cranial measurements were almost consistent with each other. The magnitude of the difference in shape factors between theS. nigricollis group and theS. midas group is appreciably larger than that between the former group and theS. mystax group. If the ancestral geographic centre of origin is postulated as being within the region which is inhabited by the livingS. nigricollis group, the morphological distances between any pairs of groups correlate well with the geographic distances between them. Concerning the dental and cranial morphologies, the physical changes in the three species group probably took place in two directions; that is, from theS. nigricollis group to theS. mystax group, and from theS. nigricollis group to theS. midas group. The forms belonging to each species group are more closely related to each other, with the exception ofS. imperator in theS. mystax group. The uniqueness ofS. imperator was clearly demonstrated by factor analysis and distance analysis. In theS. mystax group, although still hypothetical,S. imperator may have been related only through the basic ancestral stock toS. labiatus andS. mystax.     

Nonmetric cranial variation and biological distances between samples of six nontribal populations of India

Sixty-nine nonmetrical morphological variants of the cranium have been studied in six samples of non-tribal, state populations in India, and their incidence reported. Using C.A.B. Smith’s angular transformation of frequencies, the multivariate Thetasquare distances and their respective standard deviations have been presented. On the basis of nonmetrical cranial variation, it is clear that the samples from Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Bihar are closer to each other but distant from Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra. On the other hand, Karnataka and Maharashtra samples are quite close to each other and both, in turn, are comparatively closer to Madhya Pradesh than to Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Bihar. Madhya Pradesh sample emerges as the most divergent group among the six population samples studied. This, in general, is in conformity with the picture that emerges from various analysis of morphometric and other biological data on various populations of India.     

Possible metabolic basis for the developmental anomaly observed in in vitro culture,called ‘vitreous plants’

Previous studies have shown that the development anomaly encountered in meristem culture, known as vitreous plants, is due to deficient lignin synthesis. This anomaly can be cured by addition of phloridzin to the culture medium. This study examines the activities of some enzymes involved in the synthesis of lignins and of flavonoids in normal and in vitreous plants of two apple cultivars. The results showed that all enzymes were consistently less active in the vitreous plants. This agrees with previous studies made on the hydroxycinnamate: CoA ligase activity in Prunus avium (L.) meristem-derived plants. The study on the substrate specificity of the enzyme demonstrates that while its activity is lower in the vitreous plant, its conformation is identical with that of the normal plant; the substrate that is specific to enzyme extracts of both sources is para-coumaric acid.     

Atrial Septal Defect in a Bonnet Macaque (Macaca radiata)

Atrial Septal Defect was detected at autopsy in a subadult bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata). Case history and autopsy findings were described.     

Occlusion in 47,XXY (Klinefelter syndrome) men.

Occlusal morphology of permanent dentitions in 29 men with a 47,XXY chromosome complement (Klinefelter syndrome) was determined from dental casts. The results showed that a relatively frequent occlusal anomaly was mesial molar occlusion. Incisal open bite was also more common than in controls. Based on the present and previous observations of occlusal anomalies in various sex chromosome anomaly groups and normal controls, it is suggested that the presence of the Y chromosome in the genome is at least as important as the X chromosome for the development of harmonious occlusal morphology. The tendency towards sexual dimorphism in occlusal phenotype might result from a differential effect of the X and Y chromosomes on cellular activity which leads to different growth patterns.     

The ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in the cranium of Bornean orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) as detected by principal-components analysis

The ontogeny of cranial sexual dimorphism in the Bornean orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) is examined by means of principal-components analysis (PCA). Normalized first components are called allometry vectors or vectors of relative growth and show that sexual dimorphism is present at all stages of growth. Two patterns of sexual dimorphism are present: (1) sexual differences at age groups 2 and 3 are the result primarily of differences in principal component II scores, reflecting mainly shape-related differences, and (2) age groups 5, 6, and 7 show a trend of stronger size-related shape differences with increasing age in the allometry vector along with decreasing differences in principal component II scores, reflecting an increase in size-related shape differences between the sexes. Age group 4 shows a combination of both patterns. Our results support Shea's hypothesis (1985a) that when using multigroup PCAs in closely related taxa, the allometry vector will generally estimate the shape variation resulting from the extension of common growth allometry patterns (ontogenetic scaling). The second and subsequent components summarize shape variation from slope and intercept differences between the groups, provided that ontogenetic scaling is not solely responsible for all the shape differences present. Subanalyses of those dimensions previously found to show ontogenetic scaling and acceleration follow this pattern well. The total sample provides a pattern whereby ontogenetically scaled dimensions possess a stronger influence over accelerated dimensions but still generally follow Shea's hypothesis. Finally, variously derived coefficients provided several interesting findings: (1) strong evidence was found against multivariate isometry for both the pooled and the separate samples, (2) multivariate allometric coefficients for both sexes follow the general growth pattern of negative scaling in neurocranial dimensions and positive scaling in the viscerocranium, and (3) multivariate slopes have a very high correlation with bivariate slopes relative to the same independent X variable, thereby lending further support to Jolicoeur's (1963a, b) allometry generalization.     

蝌蚪（Bufo bufo andrewsi）血红细胞微核和核异常监测水质污染的研究

滇池是云南高原最大的淡水湖,是昆明地区工农业生产及人民生活用水的水源,又是昆明市的重要风景区。近年来,滇池水质污染,越来越引起人们的关注。昆明市的工业废水和生活污水经大观河等流入滇池,其中有毒有害物质多达30多种,包括镉、汞、砷、铅、铬、氟、有机磷、氰化物等。其中砷(Léonard et al., 1980;Katsuhiko,     

Evidence of brain-warming in the mobulid rays, Mobula tarapacana and Manta birostris (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii: Batoidea: Myliobatiformes)

The presence of cranial retia mirabilia in rays of the genus Mobula is well established. Although previously regarded as consisting exclusively of arteries, the presence of veins has now been established in gross dissections of the rete in the mobulid, Manta birostris. Histological examination of the retia in Manta birostris and Mobula tarapacana confirms the presence of veins. These findings suggest the presence of a counter-current heat-exchanger that warms the brain.