Fungal colonization of synthetic substrates for use in space craft

Summary Materials being used or considered for use in space flight were examined for their susceptibility to fungal colonization. The materials included soft goods (clothing) and insulation and fabrication products such as Velcro^® attachments and elastic cord binders. Materials were exposed for at least 28 days in a highhumidity chamber colonized with over 50 species of fungi, including those species recommended for determining recalcitrance of materials to fungal biodegradation. At least nine of 25 products demonstrated extensive microscopic colonization by fungi, mostly byAcremonium obclavatum. Challenge procedures that rely on observations with the unaided eye, or 40×magnification of growth by a restricted number of fungal species with a cellulosic substrate as a positive control, are insufficient for determining the resistance of synthetic substrates to fungal colonization.     

Socio-economic aspects of water management along the coast of Kenya

The coast of Kenya has a narrow coastal plain and stretches from Tanzania in the south to Somalia in the north. A number of important rivers drain through it. Population distribution is quite uneven along this coastal zone having developed in clusters linked to artisanal fishing, trade and port activities. The coast's northern districts of Lamu and Tana River are sparsely populated due to a harsh climate and lack of fresh water. The majority of the population is concentrated in Malindi (formerly part of the big Kilifi district), Kilifi, Mombasa, Kwale and Taita-Taveta districts.The paper discusses the challenges arising from fresh water shortage along the coast of Kenya and presents some proposed policy options that may need to be impemented to minimize the scarcity problems. The Kenyan coast receives fresh water from the rivers Tana, Sabaki, Ramisi and Umba. Other important sources of fresh water are Marere springs, Mzima springs, Tiwi boreholes and the lower slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro. The coast experiences the problem of rapid population growth which leads to land use changes. Since fresh water is scarce, water-borne diseases are rampant and water has become a marketed good. Because of the critical fresh water shortage in the Kenyan coast, water allocation decisions need to be given considerable attention.     

关于西南地区苗族传统聚落中自然要素的考察

传统聚落的保护与发展日渐成为城乡规划设计领域关注的热点,尊重传统村落的空间形态也已被纳入了常规的统筹领域。本文以发源于中国、有着悠久历史、世界分布广泛的苗族传统聚落为研究对象,探讨先民对于自然、空间的认识。从被选定的聚落空间里可反映自然观念的要素：如民俗文化、择地环境、住宅建筑等方面着眼,明晰其在发生期、形成期、发展期、保全期、存续期各阶段的表现,通过在该过程中所对应的现象,认识其规律,旨在在尊重传统、有利当下的前提下使其保存发展,并为后续的相关研究提供参考。     

省域乡村旅游扶贫重点村生态脆弱性评价——以福建省为例

贫困与生态环境问题呈现强烈的相关性,为避免旅游扶贫重点村发展落入"贫困陷阱",有效地评价其生态脆弱性成为开展旅游扶贫和精准脱贫的重要前提。然而,当前鲜有将旅游扶贫与生态环境问题置于同一分析框架内,开展乡村旅游扶贫重点村生态脆弱性及其驱动因子研究的成果。以福建省472个全国乡村旅游扶贫重点村为样本,基于"成因-结果"模型构建生态脆弱性评价指标体系,采用空间主成分分析法测算样本生态脆弱性指数,并深入分析其空间分异与驱动因子。结果显示:重点村生态脆弱性指数平均值为4.84,总体处于轻度脆弱;30 m×30 m栅格单元生态脆弱性呈零散分布格局,空间分异不显著;极度和重度生态脆弱村主要分布在三明市、宁德市、南平市和龙岩市,并在宁德市和三明市形成3处高度脆弱核心区;餐饮和床位数、旅游基础设施状况、土壤侵蚀强度、人口密度、多年平均降水量、坡度、休闲农业园面积等为生态脆弱性主要驱动因子。     

黄霉素产生菌BBG1213的发酵工艺优化

对黄霉素产生菌Streptomyces bambergiensis1213培养基配方、种子培养时间及摇瓶装液量等培养条件进行优化,结果表明:当发酵培养基配方为:玉米淀粉3.5%、玉米浆0.6%、酵母粉1.0%、蛋白胨0.3%、黄豆饼粉2.5%、(NH4)2SO40.13%、K2HPO40.03%,BBG1213产抗水平最高;种子培养时间36h为宜;摇瓶装液量30ml,发酵周期86h-89h最佳。采用双碟法,建立了发酵液中黄霉素含量测定方法。     

Sustainable development at the village level in Bali,Indonesia

Using a stress-capability framework, the problems and opportunities for sustainable development at the village level in Bali are examined. Balinese culture incorporates a traditional form of local government which emphasizes cooperation, consensus building, and balance. These aspects provide a strong foundation for sustainable development initiatives. At the same time, many decisions are being taken external to the villages, and even to Bali, which may lead to problems for development initiatives.     

Regional material flow behaviors of agro‐food processing craft villages in Red River Delta,Vietnam

The economic reform “??i M?i” in 1986 has rapidly increased the number of craft villages in Vietnam, especially in the Red River Delta (RRD) leading to environmental degradation. This article presents an assessment of environmental and resource issues of agro‐Food Processing Craft Villages (FPCVs) in RRD using a refined approach to material flow analysis focusing on consistent quantification of uncertainty with particular attention to secondary and empirical data that are often faced in material flow analyses in transition economies. Material flows of agro‐Food Processing including eight types of production were examined and linked to activities of private Households, Rice Cultivation, and Pig Farming in a model called Red River Delta. Materials investigated were Goods (i.e., total materials), organic carbon (org.C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). The findings reveal material cycles are almost entirely open, that is, the materials used in FPCVs do not recycle within the region. From ～10.5 million tons/year of imported Goods used for agro‐Food Processing, final products and utilized materials account for minor fractions (～5%, by weight). Conversely, the majority (88%) is directly discharged. Materials accumulated as stocks represent 1% of Goods (100,000 tons/year), 21% of org.C (～34,000 tons/year), 42% of N (～1,300 tons/year), and 57% of P (～300 tons/year), whose substance concentrations vastly exceed natural resilience capacities. Although agro‐Food Processing accounts for negligible material shares in Red River Delta, FPCVs pollution is severe at local levels due to the location of home‐based production. Several options for closing material loops at various system scales are recommended for environmental and resource management of FPCVs. The material flow analysis results provide a database that may be used as a decision support tool for production establishments in craft villages and relevant authorities in setting priorities on environmental planning and resource management. This article met the requirements for a gold – silver JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges .     

Gifting as Governance: NGO Service Projects and Disciplinary Power in Rural Migrant Settlements in China

ABSTRACT

In contemporary China, migrant workers have gathered in urban villages and formed communities of their own. The regulative power of the state has not fully penetrated these enclaves, thus creating opportunities for NGOs to shoulder many of the ongoing welfare responsibilities. The primary goal of this study was to explore how NGO service projects can generate a new type of disciplinary power through give-and-take practices. I argue that service projects allow the givers to transform their economic power and social resources into political power, through which social inequality is obscured, legitimised, and translated into the delivery of ‘love’, ‘caring’ and ‘compassion’. Such political power also delivers middle-class values and lifestyles to rural migrants, who feel obligated to transform their subjectivities in order to reciprocate.     

西双版纳傣寨传统栽培植物的调查研究

本文报道了西双版纳傣寨传统栽培的315种植物引种的历史、引种的途径和它们在西双版纳的适应性。此外,对这些植物的经济价值,它们在发展生产上的潜力及在植物引种驯化上的意义进行了讨论。     

上海崇明岛前卫村沟渠生态修复示范工程评价

采用生物护坡技术、氧化塘系统和沸石处理系统,修建了上海崇明前卫村沟渠生态修复示范工程,并通过地表径流模拟实验及坡岸土壤参数、生物多样性、沟渠水体总氮和总磷含量等指标对该示范工程进行了评估.结果表明：与对照相比,使用灌丛垫技术修复后的坡岸土壤剪切力、紧实度和土壤湿度显著提高(P<0.05),坡岸植被延缓径流和去除悬浮物效果显著(P<0.05);使用柴笼技术修复后的坡岸土壤剪切力和悬浮物去除率显著提高(P<0.05),但对土壤湿度、紧实度和雨水径流的延滞作用不太明显.示范工程实施后,沟渠内水质得到明显改善,总氮和总磷含量显著下降(P<0.05),沟渠坡岸的生境质量和景观效果得到改善,生物多样性明显增加.采用土壤生物工程方法和其他生态修复技术集成可以稳定坡岸、改善沟渠的栖息地质量以及修复大城市郊区村镇沟渠的生态环境.