Impacts of section 404 permits requiring compensatory mitigation on wetlands in California (USA)

We analyzed data from Section 404 permits issued in California from January 1971 through November 1987 that involved impacts to wetlands and required compensatory mitigation (wetland creation, restoration, or preservation). The purpose of this study was to determine patterns and trends in permitting activity and to document cumulative effects of associated management decisions on the California wetland resource. The 324 permits examined documented that 387 compensatory wetlands (1255.9 ha) were required as mitigation for impacts to 368 wetlands (1176.3 ha). The utility of the data on wetland area was limited, however, since 38.0% of the impacted wetlands and 41.6% of the compensatory wetlands lacked acreage data. The wetland type most frequently impacted (37.8% of impacted wetlands) and used in compensation (38.2% of compensatory wetlands) was palustrine forested wetlands. Estuarine intertidal emergent wetlands had the most area impacted (52.3%) and compensated (62.5%). The majority of the wetlands were small (less than or equal to 4.0 ha in size). Wildlife habitat was the most frequently listed function of impacted wetlands (90.7% of the permits) and objective of compensatory wetlands (83.3%). Endangered species were listed as affected in 20.4% of impacted and 21.0% of compensatory projects. The number of permits requiring compensatory mitigation and the number of impacted and compensatory wetlands increased from 1971 to 1986.Documentation of the details of Section 404 permit decisions was inadequate for the permits we examined. Area information and specific locations of impacted and compensatory wetlands were lacking or of poor quality. Follow-up information was also inadequate. For example, project completion dates were specified in the permit for only 2.2% of compensatory wetlands. Furthermore, less than one-third (31.5%) of the permits required the compensatory wetland to be monitored by at least one site visit. We recommend improved documentation, regular reporting, and increased monitoring for better evaluation of the Section 404 permitting system.     

人体急性缺氧性意识障碍

实验分为低压组(低压舱7,000米)与常压组(吸入7.6％低氧混合气),每组受试者各为12名,有7名参加了两组实验。每组各有4名平均经15分23秒发生了意识模糊或丧失(通称意识障碍)。障碍者的肺泡氧分压为29.9±0.8mmHg。障碍发生前,呈现严重无力,觉醒度降低,反应迟钝,脑波特征是高幅6波(100-300μV)占优势。障碍发生时,高幅δ波丧失节律,幅度衰减,波型不规则,额枕失同步;呼吸循环代偿功能增强程度明显高于障碍前。本工作对于预测和评价人体急性缺氧引起的意识障碍有意义。     

Compensatory growth response of the legume, Medicago sativa, to defoliation and denodulation

A laboratory study was conducted to determine the effects of defoliation and denodulation on compensatory growth of Medicago sativa (L.). Plants grown hydroponically in clear plastic growth pouches were subjected to 0 and 50% nodule pruning, and 0, 25, 50, and 75% defoliation by clipping trifoliate leaves. An additional experiment was conducted to determine if clipping leaves simulated herbivory by Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) larvae. Previously, we determined that nodule pruning accurately simulated herbivory by Sitona hispidulus (L.) larvae (Quinn & Hall, 1992). Results indicated that denodulation stimulated nodule growth and caused exact compensation in standing and total number of nodules per plant within 15 days and in standing nodule biomass within 22 days of treatment. Denodulation caused a significant reduction (13%) in final shoot biomass, but did not affect significantly final root biomass. Percentage of change in number of trifoliate leaves per plant increased with the level of defoliation. Within 22 days of treatment, total number of trifoliate leaves per plant was similar to controls. However, final standing shoot biomasses were significantly less that controls, indicating undercompensatory growth. Shoot biomasses of the 25-, 50-, and 75%-defoliated plants were 18, 20, and 36% lower than controls, respectively. Nodule biomass per plant was reduced by 24 and 32% in 50- and 75%-defoliated plants, respectively, but was not affected significantly by 25% defoliation. Root biomass was affected by all levels of defoliation. Clipping trifoliate leaves accurately simulated defoliation by H. postica larvae. Our results indicated that partial defoliation affected shoot, root, and nodule biomass of M. sativa, but that partial denodulation only affected shoot biomass.     

支序分类CLADISTICS在浮游多毛类眼蚕科ALCIOPIDAE系统演化研究中的应用

本论文运用支序分类学,借助于计算机技术,详细探讨了浮游多毛类眼蚕科(Alciopidae)九属的系统演化关系,并同前人的进化分类学和数值分类学研究结果进行了比较,对眼蚕科各属的演化途径提出了新的见解。     

Pulmonary gas exchange kinetics during exercise: physiological inferences of model order and parameters

1. 1. The ventilatory and pulmonary gas exchange responses during moderate exercise can be appropriately modelled with first-order dynamics.

2. 2. A delay term, reflecting tissue-to-lung transit time, is needed for accurate characterization, however.

3. 3. The O₂ uptake time constant ( reflects the enzymatically controlled tissue O₂ utilization.

4. 4. is appreciably longer than , consequent to the tissue CO₂ capacitance.

5. 5. As typically longer than , transient errors in alveolar and arterial blood gas tensions are predicted: small for P_CO2 but much larger for P_O2.

6. 6. At work rates above the lactate threshold, a slow and delayed component of V̇_O2 induces an additional V̇ component (“excess” V̇_O2), leading to more rapid fatigue.

7. 7. The ventilatory compensation for the metabolic acidemia at these work rates is slow, with compensation being poor for rapid-incremental exercise.

8. 8. A justifiable control model of the coupling of ventilation to metabolism must cohere with these demonstrable physiological characteristics.

Movement of Anopheles gambiae s.l. malaria vectors between villages in The Gambia

ovement of mosquitoes belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex (mixed wild populations of An.arabiensis, An.gambiae and An.melas ) between three neighbouring rural villages in The Gambia was investigated by mark-release-recapture. A total of 12,872 mosquitoes were collected in bednets, marked with a magenta fluorescent powder and released over a 15-day period in one of the villages. A further 15,507 mosquitoes were collected in exit traps, marked with a yellow powder and released over the same period. Mosquitoes were captured daily in all three villages using pyrethrum spray catches, as well as bednet and exit trap catches. The catching period extended for 6 days after the last day of release.
Of the mosquitoes released, 372 (1.3%) were recaptured 2–21 days later. Of these recaptures, 272 were caught in the release village, and 98 were caught in other villages situated 1–1.4 km away. The 'movement index' between villages was calculated as 17.2% (12.2–22.4% confidence limits) for mosquitoes released after feeding and 20.1% (14.7–25.3%) for those released unfed.
These results suggest that movement of mosquitoes between neighbouring villages in The Gambia seriously affects the entomological evaluation of pyrethroid-impregnated bednet programmes in areas where treated and untreated villages are interspersed.     

Conversion of Ulva fronds to a hatchery diet for Artemia nauplii utilizing the degrading and attaching abilities of Pseudoalteromonas espejiana

An algal suspension containing protoplasmic detritus [termed, single cell detritus (SCD)] was prepared from freeze-dried fronds of Ulva and its dietary value to Artemia nauplii was tested after size fractionation. The dissolved fraction (<0.22 μm) ofthe Ulva suspension contained ca. 48% of theoriginal protein in the Ulva, but had no dietaryvalue to Artemia, which is a suspension feeder. In contrast, the fraction passing through a 100-μm meshand containing SCD of 2–14 μm in diameter, contributedto the survival of Artemia. The fraction remaining on the 100 μm mesh was further incubated with and without the bacterium Pseudoalteromonas espejiana strain AR06 FERM BP-5024. The bacterium degraded Ulva forming new SCD over 10⁶ mL ^-1 level as rapidly as by 16 h of incubation. The dietary value of Ulva for Artemia growth was elevated over four times by the incubation. The protein content of the SCD was approximately doubled by the attaching of bacteria, suggesting the enhanced Artemia growth is attributable to the combined effect of the SCD and the bacteria. Development of a hatchery diet from Ulva , a resource with a low commercial value, is suggested utilizing the degrading and attaching ability of P. espejiana. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Marine finfish hatchery technology in the USA – status and future

In 1993, about 52% of the 433 698 tons of thetotal US aquaculture production came from theproduction of freshwater catfish. Excludingsalmonid culture, the percentage of marine finfishculture in total aquaculture production in the UShas been negligible. Commercial scale production ofmarine finfish in hatcheries is very limited in theUS.Studies on eggs and larvae of marine finfishspecies in the US have stemmed from theconsideration of fisheries management rather thanaquaculture. Most of the marine finfish larvaeproduced in the laboratory has been for the purposeof providing materials for other academic relatedstudies. Results of these studies can be applied inthe development of marine finfish hatcherytechnology. Hatchery technology for several marinefinfish species has been developed for stockenhancement, technology transfer and aquaculture. This paper reviews the current hatchery technologyof striped mullet (Mugil cephalus), dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus), red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), and other potentialaquaculture species.     

A phytosociological survey of the Irish Molinio-Arrhenatheretea using computer techniques

Summary The Irish approach to the computer processing of grassland relevés is introduced. A suite of programs in Fortran IV has been developed for the purpose. The preparation and analysis of the relevés using these programs is explained. The cost and ecological effectiveness is discussed. It is concluded that the approach is not radically different to the familiar Braun-Blanquet technique of tabular comparison of relevés.Contribution from the Working Group for Data-Processing in Phytosociology, International Society for Vegetation Science.     

黑斑侧褶蛙蝌蚪断尾后的补偿生长和发育研究

动物在经历不利的生长条件或环境后往往出现补偿生长。研究了黑斑侧褶蛙(Pelophylax nigromaculatus)蝌蚪经历来自食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)捕食造成断尾损伤后的补偿生长模式、断尾损失对蝌蚪游泳能力以及变态时间与大小的影响。结果表明,经历捕食压力后,全尾组和1/3断尾组蝌蚪的体长显著大于1/2断尾组蝌蚪的体长,全尾组和1/3断尾组之间的蝌蚪体长差异不显著;第19天时,1/2断尾组蝌蚪经过补偿生长后体长显著大于全尾组蝌蚪,1/3断尾组与全尾组和1/2断尾组之间的蝌蚪体长差异均不显著;三个实验组之间蝌蚪尾长差异不显著;全尾组蝌蚪的疾游速显著大于1/2断尾组蝌蚪的疾游速,1/3断尾组蝌蚪的疾游速与全尾组和1/2断尾组之间差异不显著,表明严重断尾对蝌蚪疾游速产生了消极影响。三个实验组蝌蚪的变态时间和变态前后形态差异均不显著。黑斑侧褶蛙蝌蚪能够在变态前调整生长轨迹补偿早期捕食风险造成的生长损失,断尾损失并不影响变态时间与大小,断尾超过一半的蝌蚪经过补偿生长后仍要付出一定的运动代价。