江西瑞昌石灰岩山区退耕还林对土壤有机碳的影响

以江西瑞昌石灰岩山区退耕还林5年的林地为对象,研究了不同退耕还林模式(林苗一体化、药用纯林、多树种混交和竹阔混交)对土壤有机碳含量的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,退耕还林地0～20 cm土层的土壤有机碳、微生物生物量碳和可矿化碳含量分别增加24.4%、29%和18.4%,退耕还林显著提高了土壤有机碳含量,增强了土壤碳储能力;0～10 cm土层的土壤有机碳、微生物生物量碳和可矿化碳含量极显著高于10～20 cm土层,且退耕还林地土层间差异大于对照;4种退耕还林模式中,林苗一体化模式对土壤有机碳的影响较大.     

Effect of clear-cutting silviculture on soil respiration in a subtropical forest of China

Aims Clear-cutting is a common forest management practice, especially in subtropical China. However, the potential ecological consequences of clear-cutting remain unclear. In particular, the effect of clear-cutting on soil processes, such as the carbon cycle, has not been quantified in subtropical forests. Here, we investigated the response of soil respiration (Rs) to clear-cutting during a 12-month period in a subtropical forest in eastern China.Methods We randomly selected four clear-cut (CC) plots and four corresponding undisturbed forest (UF) plots. Measurements of Rs were made at monthly time points and were combined with continuous climatic measurements in both CC and UF. Daily Rs was estimated by interpolating data with an exponential model dependent on soil temperature. Daily Rs was cumulated to annual Rs estimates.Important findings In the first year after clear-cutting, annual estimates of Rs in CC (508±23g C m ?2 yr^-1) showed no significant difference to UF plots (480±12g C m ?2 yr^-1). During the summer, soil temperatures were usually higher, whereas the soil volumetric water content was lower in CC than in UF plots. The long-term effects of clear-cutting on Rs are not significant, although there might be effects during the first several months after clear-cutting. Compared with previous work, this pattern was more pronounced in our subtropical forest than in the temperate and boreal forests that have been studied by others. With aboveground residuals off-site after clear-cutting, our results indicate that the stimulation of increasing root debris, as well as environmental changes, will not lead to a significant increase in Rs. In addition, long-term Rs will not show a significant decrease from the termination of root respiration, and this observation might be because of the influence of fast-growing vegetation after clear-cutting in situ .     

氯化钠胁迫对南瓜根系游离态多胺含量和活性氧水平的影响

以中国南瓜杂交种‘360.3×112.2’和黑籽南瓜为试验材料,在营养液栽培条件下研究了NaCl胁迫对两种南瓜植株生长、根系活性氧水平和游离态多胺含量的影响.结果表明,NaCl胁迫10 d后,与对照相比,两种南瓜植株生长都受到明显抑制,但中国南瓜杂交种比黑籽南瓜植株的耐盐性强.NaCl胁迫使南瓜根系O₂^-·产生速率和H₂O₂含量提高,且黑籽南瓜的O₂^-·产生速率和H₂O₂含量高于中国南瓜杂交种.两种南瓜根系中腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)、精胺(Spm)和多胺(PAs)含量及Put/PAs高于对照,并呈现先升后降的趋势;根系中（Spd+Spm）/Put低于对照,呈现先降后升的趋势.中国南瓜杂交种根系中Put含量和Put/PAs低于黑籽南瓜,而Spd、Spm含量和（Spd+Spm）/Put高于黑籽南瓜.表明两种南瓜根系中多胺含量的升高对减少或清除组织中的活性氧有积极作用,Put向Spd、Spm的转化有利于增强植株的耐盐性;中国南瓜杂交种‘360.3×112.2’的耐盐性高于黑籽南瓜与其根系中Put/PAs较低、（Spd+Spm）/Put和PAs含量较高,使其清除活性氧能力较强有关.     

民勤连古城自然保护区群落结构和物种多样性特征分析

通过物种多样性指数、林地承载力以及土壤水分等指标对民勤连古城自然保护区荒漠群落的结构和物种多样性以及影响因子进行了研究。结果表明:(1)群落的优势层片为灌木层,其物种组成和结构比较稳定,受环境变化的影响较小,而草本层为不稳定层片;(2)荒漠群落的物种多样性指数均偏低,生态优势度较高,群落的生态功能主要由优势种群或建群种群实施,在无外界干扰情况下,优势种群或建群种群的稳定性可以揭示群落的稳定性;(3)土壤水分是影响群落结构的主导因子,而降水是土壤水分的主要来源,对群落结构具有显著影响。土壤异质性对群落结构同样具有显著影响,是第二主导因子,其物种多样性指数为黏性土壤>灰棕荒漠土>风沙土;(4)群落物种多样性与其林地承载力无一定规律的相关性,灌木层片中,二者呈对数相关(y=64.787ln(x) 214.04,R2=0.829,P<0.01),能够比较科学地揭示物种多样性与林地承载力之间的关系,而草本层中二者呈幂指数相关(y=0.3198e6.1654x,R2=0.6999,P<0.01),反映了林地承载力受环境因子变化的影响。     

海南岛热带山地雨林林分生物量估测方法比较分析

本文通过对海南岛热带山地雨林林分生物量估测方法的比较分析,表明材积转换法不适宜估算海南岛热带山地雨林林分生物量,其结果与皆伐法相比较一般偏高20％—40％;而用实测资料建立的生物量回归模型,对原始林林分有较好的估测结果,除树枝和树叶生物量外,树干、树皮及地上部分生物量的回归模型值,与皆伐法的结果比较,相对误差一般在±10％以内,为允许误差范围,而对热带山地雨林的更新林生物量的估测则效果较差,应建立相应的估测模型。平均木法有工作量小的优点,且误差也在16％以下,但要注意取样的树种多样性和取样强度,在实际中应当慎用。另外本文对测定热带山地雨林生物量(原始林)的所需面积大小问题作了研究,提出了生物量-面积曲线的概念,确定其最小调查面积为2500m~2以上。     

基于SPOT-VGT NDVI的陕北植被覆盖时空变化

利用1998-2010年SPOT-VGT NDVI影像对陕北地区植被的时空变化进行分析.结果表明:研究期间,陕北地区归一化植被指数(NDVI)的季相变化明显,月均最高值出现在8月、最小值出现在1月,月均值的变化幅度在0.14 ～0.46,NDVI月均值为0.28,其年均值总体呈上升趋势;在空间上,植被改善地区集中于陕北中南部,生态环境退化区域集中在长城以北风沙区;气温和降水是影响植被变化的重要气候因子,其与NDVI变化的相关系数分别为0.72和0.58;植被改善明显的区域主要位于坡度15° ～25°的地区,反映出国家退耕还林还草工程对陕北地区生态环境的恢复和改善起到了巨大作用.     

A case study on the effects of a transmission-line corridor on Sika deer habitat use at the foothills of Mt Goyo,northern Honshu,Japan

Forage biomass and habitat use of Sika deer (Cervus nippon) at a transmission-line corridor were studied at the foothills of Mt Goyo, northern Japan. Summer forage biomass in the corridor was five times greater than in the adjacentBetula grossa forest. Among the plants that increased in the corridor,Sasa nipponica (a dwarf bamboo), an important forage plant for Sika deer, was predominant. Winter utilization ofS. nipponica by Sika deer was slightly heavier in the corridor, and estimated removal ofSasa leaves was twice as great there as in the forest. However fecal pellets were more prevalent in the adjacent forest in winter. Sika deer seemed to use the transmission-line corridor as a feeding site and the adjacent forest as cover as it reduces wind speed. A transmission-line corridor is more beneficial than a large clear-cut area because it provides more forest edges.     

The effect of forest clear-cutting on habitat use in Sichuan snub-nosed monkey (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhinopithecus roxellana</Emphasis>) in Shennongjia Nature Reserve,China

The habitat use of two groups of Sichuan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) was observed, using the focal group method, for 7 months in four seasons from June 2000 to October 2001. The habitats were classed into primary forest and three successional habitats: after clear-cutting: grassland, shrub forest and young forest. The results showed that the large group of monkeys had larger range areas than the small group in the same season. Both groups had larger range sizes in summer or autumn than in winter or spring. They spent most of their time using primary forest and young forest, rarely used shrub forest and did not use grassland. In each season, they used the habitats non-randomly and preferred primary forest. The preference order of habitats for both groups every season was the same: primary forest > young forest > shrub forest grassland. The results suggested that primary forest was high-quality habitat and should be conserved as a top priority. Clear-cutting would cause habitat loss and habitat fragmentation, and should therefore be prohibited. High-quality habitat for the monkeys is difficult to restore from clear-cutting.     

森林所有制对景观格局和动物生境的影响研究进展

在欧美等地区的林业发达国家,多种森林所有制长期并存,至今,多种所有制影响下森林景观和生境格局的变化以及与动物保护之间的关系成为研究热点和重点.本文首先阐述了森林所有制对森林景观格局和动物生境的影响,以及林权分散和林权流转的加剧带来的生态后果,包括提供多样化的生境和导致原有大面积生境的破碎化;其次,总结了林业发达国家解决林权分散与生物保护之间矛盾的两个理论途径--改变所有制格局和相对统一各所有制的管理行为,分析现多采用后一种途径的原因,并指出目前森林所有制研究中模拟方法的局限;最后,论述我国的研究现状以及面临的机遇和挑战,提出近期发展建议.     

黄土高原不同植被恢复方式对土壤水分坡面变化的影响

在黄土高原大规模退耕还林(草)背景下,土地利用变化对土壤水分及其时空结构会产生极大影响。以坡面为研究对象,根据两种植被恢复类型(撂荒草地和人工刺槐林地)土壤水分坡面变化趋势的差异,探究不同植被恢复方式对土壤水分坡面空间结构影响。结果表明:所调查的两个区域(延安羊圈沟和长武烧盅湾)皆表现为人工刺槐林地坡平均土壤含水量显著低于撂荒草地坡;且人工刺槐林地坡的土壤水分的坡面差异性皆比撂荒草地坡低。虽然两种恢复类型的土壤水分沿坡底到坡顶皆呈现降低的趋势,但是该降低趋势在两种恢复类型间存在一定差异:撂荒草地坡土壤水分沿坡面的变化趋势随深度增加有加强的趋势,且总体上,长武烧盅湾撂荒草地坡土壤水分沿坡面变化趋势比延安羊圈沟更明显;相比之下,人工刺槐林地坡土壤水分沿坡面的变化趋势随深度增加有变弱的趋势,且该趋势明显比撂荒草地坡弱;两个地区刺槐林地坡土壤水分沿坡面变化趋势不存在明显差异。综上所述,虽然不同降雨背景下土壤水分会表现出一定差异,但土壤水分的坡面变化趋势及不同恢复方式对其影响是相似的,即人工刺槐林地坡对土壤水分的过度消耗不仅会导致土壤水分亏缺,而且削弱了土壤水分的坡面变化趋势;而撂荒草地对土壤水分及其空间结构的维持有相对积极的意义。通过分析不同植被恢复方式对土壤水分坡面变化趋势的影响,能够更深入的了解不同植被恢复方式的土壤水文效应,同时可为以坡面为单元的退耕还林中植被科学配置提供一定的参考。