Determination of Glyphosate and AMPA in Three Representative Agricultural Austrian Soils with a HPLC-MS/MS Method

We developed a novel method to quantify adsorbed glyphosate and AMPA in soils based on an extraction utilizing Na-tetraborate, an SPE clean-up step, and subsequent LC-MS detection. Reversed phase-based separation of glyphosate and AMPA was realized after FMOC-derivatization. The quantification involved external calibration and 1,2–¹³C, ¹⁵N- labeled glyphosate as well as ¹³C, ¹⁵N labeled AMPA as internal standards. The optimum recovery for extraction was obtained with 40 mM Na-tetraborate. The method was applied in three representative soils (Kirchberg, Phyra, and Pixendorf, Austria) where glyphosate was applied by standard agricultural practices. The recovery for glyphosate extracted with 40 mM Na-tetraborate buffer was 93.5% (RSD <2%) for glyphosate at Kirchberg-cambisol; 95.7% (RSD < 2%) at Pixendorf- chernozem and 79.1% (RSD <7%) at Phyra-stagnosol. The corresponding values for AMPA were 92.4% (RSD <2%) at Kirchberg, 98.1% (RSD <2%) at Pixendorf and 69.9% (RSD <4%) at Phyra. The limits of detection for glyphosate were 6.8 μg kg^?1(RSD <10%) at Kirchberg, 4.3 μg kg^?1 (RSD <10%) at Pixendorf, and 46.5 μg kg^?1 (RSD <7%) at Phyra. The limits of detection for AMPA were 26.7 μg kg^?1 (RSD <10%) at Kirchberg, 25.2 μg kg^?1 (RSD <10%) at Pixendorf, and 120.3 μg kg^?1 (RSD <9%) at Phyra. Accordingly, the limits of quantification were 22.7 μg kg^?1(RSD <5%) for glyphosate, and 88.9 μg kg^?1 (RSD <2%) for AMPA at Kirchberg and respectively 14.4 μg kg^?1 (RSD <6%) and 84 μg kg^?1 (RSD <5%) at Pixendorf and 13.8 μg kg^?1 (RSD <6%) and 87.2 μg kg^?1 (RSD <8%) at Phyra. Both substances in the soils were lower than the LOQ before applying the herbicide Roundup. The influence of higher contents of iron oxides, clay, and acidic pH, resulting in a more pronounced adsorption of glyphosate and AMPA in the soils of Phyra and Kirchberg, is demonstrated.     

春玉米不同产量群体叶面积指数动态特征与生态因子资源量的分配特点

利用吉林桦甸连续3年的田间试验结果,结合气象观测资料,对春玉米群体叶面积指数动态特征及不同产量水平下的生态因子资源量的分配特点进行了研究.结果表明：以相对生长天数、相对有效积温、相对日照时数和相对降雨量为自变量的相对叶面积指数动态模型均符合有理方程：y=（a+bx）/（1+cx+dx²）;产量（y）与吐丝前后生长天数比值（x₁）、吐丝前后有效积温比值（x₂）、吐丝前后降雨量比值（x₃）以及吐丝前后日照时数比值（x₄）的回归方程为y=5465.19+17810.64x₁-23236.14x₂+4093.41x₃+6287.37x₄(R²=0.8187,P<0.01),各生态因子对产量的影响按照偏回归系数绝对值排序为x₁>x₂>x₃>x₄;超高产（15499.86 kg·hm^-2）生态因子资源量在吐丝前与吐丝后的比值分别为：生长天数1.43、有效积温1.41、降雨量1.44、日照时数1.40.在东北地区,适期早播,在延长总生长天数的前提下适当增加吐丝前的生长天数、降雨量以及日照时数均能提高产量,当生长天数、有效积温、降雨量以及日照时数在吐丝前与吐丝后的分配比值均约为1.4时,可获得高产、超高产.     

Mixing tree species associated with arbuscular or ectotrophic mycorrhizae reveals dual mycorrhization and interactive effects on the fungal partners

1. Recent studies found that the majority of shrub and tree species are associated with both arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi. However, our knowledge on how different mycorrhizal types interact with each other is still limited. We asked whether the combination of hosts with a preferred association with either AM or EM fungi increases the host tree roots’ mycorrhization rate and affects AM and EM fungal richness and community composition.
2. We established a tree diversity experiment, where five tree species of each of the two mycorrhiza types were planted in monocultures, two‐species and four‐species mixtures. We applied morphological assessment to estimate mycorrhization rates and next‐generation molecular sequencing to quantify mycobiont richness.
3. Both the morphological and molecular assessment revealed dual‐mycorrhizal colonization in 79% and 100% of the samples, respectively. OTU community composition strongly differed between AM and EM trees. While host tree species richness did not affect mycorrhization rates, we observed significant effects of mixing AM‐ and EM‐associated hosts in AM mycorrhization rate. Glomeromycota richness was larger in monotypic AM tree combinations than in AM‐EM mixtures, pointing to a dilution or suppression effect of AM by EM trees. We found a strong match between morphological quantification of AM mycorrhization rate and Glomeromycota richness.
4. Synthesis. We provide evidence that the combination of hosts differing in their preferred mycorrhiza association affects the host''s fungal community composition, thus revealing important biotic interactions among trees and their associated fungi.