全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1097篇 |
免费 | 104篇 |
国内免费 | 148篇 |
专业分类
1349篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 7篇 |
2023年 | 21篇 |
2022年 | 30篇 |
2021年 | 36篇 |
2020年 | 49篇 |
2019年 | 56篇 |
2018年 | 58篇 |
2017年 | 61篇 |
2016年 | 39篇 |
2015年 | 49篇 |
2014年 | 62篇 |
2013年 | 110篇 |
2012年 | 42篇 |
2011年 | 57篇 |
2010年 | 53篇 |
2009年 | 77篇 |
2008年 | 56篇 |
2007年 | 72篇 |
2006年 | 46篇 |
2005年 | 32篇 |
2004年 | 39篇 |
2003年 | 29篇 |
2002年 | 28篇 |
2001年 | 21篇 |
2000年 | 17篇 |
1999年 | 11篇 |
1998年 | 15篇 |
1997年 | 16篇 |
1996年 | 15篇 |
1995年 | 19篇 |
1994年 | 17篇 |
1993年 | 15篇 |
1992年 | 12篇 |
1991年 | 14篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 8篇 |
1988年 | 7篇 |
1987年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 4篇 |
1985年 | 4篇 |
1984年 | 7篇 |
1983年 | 5篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1976年 | 3篇 |
1975年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有1349条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Abstract Close monitoring of the lepidopteran leafroller Cnephasia jactatana under laboratory colonisation revealed few distinct effects of successive rearing on artificial diet on the life cycle. The second laboratory generation had a prolonged development time and altered sex synchronism in pupation and eclosion patterns. Some deleterious changes were observed in later generations, including decreases in fertility, egg hatch and sperm motility, failure of mating adults to separate, and pupal and adult malformations. These changes were not adaptive, but were due to incompatibility with the general purpose diet (GPD) used; they were absent under sub-colonisation on a sheepnut-bean based diet (SBD). Success in the laboratory colonisation of C. jactatana is attributed to a random mating protocol, choice of environmental conditions representing the wild habitat, and a rapid rate of population growth. 相似文献
2.
3.
Voltage-dependent depolarization of bacterial membranes and artificial lipid bilayers by the peptide antibiotic nisin 总被引:24,自引:0,他引:24
The peptide antibiotic nisin is shown to disrupt valinomycin-induced potassium diffusion potentials imposed on intact cells of Staphylococcus cohnii 22. Membrane depolarization occurred rapidly at high diffusion potentials while at low potentials nisin-induced depolarization was slower suggesting that nisin requires a membrane potential for activity. This assumption was proven in experiments with planar lipid bilayers (black lipid membranes). Macroscopic conductivity measurements indicated a voltage-dependent action of nisin. The potential must have a trans-negative orientation with respect to the addition of nisin (added to the cis-side) and a sufficient magnitude (ca. -100 mV). With intact cells the threshold potential was lower (-50 to -80 mV at pH 7.5 and below -50 mV at pH 5.5). Single channel recordings resolved transient multistate pores, strongly resembling those introduced by melittin into artificial bilayers. The pores had diameters in the range of 0.2–1 nm, and lifetimes of few to several hundred milliseconds. The results indicate that nisin has to be regarded as a membrane-depolarizing agent which acts in a voltage-dependent fashion.Abbreviations BLM
Black lipid membranes
- CCCP
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone
- DOPC
dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine
- PS
phosphatidylserine
- TPP+
tetraphenylphosphonium cation 相似文献
4.
Peter Tass 《Journal of biological physics》1996,22(1):27-64
We present a stochastic approach to phase-resetting of an ensemble of oscillators. In order to describe stimulation-induced dynamical phenomena we develop a stochastic model which consists of an ensemble of phase oscillators interacting via random forces. Every single oscillator is submitted to a phase stimulus. The ensemble's dynamics is determined by a Fokker-Planck equation. The stationary states are calculated explicitly, whereas the transients are analysed numerically. If the stimulus of a given (non-vanishing) intensity is administered at a critical initial cluster phase for a critical duration T
crit the ensemble's synchronized oscillation is annihilated. A transition from type 1 resetting to type 0 resetting occurs when the stimulation duration exceeds T
crit. Stimulation causes a shift of the mean frequency of every single oscillator. This frequency shift is explicitly calculated by deriving the mean first passage time. The model shows that there is a subcritical intensity which is connected with an enhanced vulnerability to stimulation. The desynchronized states, the so-called black holes, are typically associated with a double peak in the ensemble's phase distribution. This is important for analysing experimental data because simple peak-detection algorithms are not able to extract the underlying dynamics.Our results are discussed from the experimentator's point of view so that the insights derived from our model can improve data analysis and design of stimulation experiments. 相似文献
5.
Lawrence Kass 《Biotechnic & histochemistry》1995,70(5):271-274
Megakaryocytes from normal persons and from patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura, myelodysplastic disorders, Hypersplenism, and essential thrombocythemia displayed vivid magenta metachromatic staining of the cytoplasm when stained with basic black MSP followed by brief exposure to dilute hydrochloric acid. Under the same conditions, other hematopoietic cells were completely decolorized. Acid fast metachromasia of megakaryocytes facilitates their identification, particularly in cases of small and atypical megakaryocytes found in disease states. 相似文献
6.
Snakes are a particularly threatened vertebrate taxon, with distributions of many species and populations becoming increasingly fragmented. At present, little is known about the degree of genetic differentiation that exists between isolated populations even though such information may be critical to their survival and conservation. As an example of how recently developed RAPD genetic markers can be used in conservation genetics, we present preliminary results from a study which used these DNA-based markers to assess population divergence in two threatened Canadian snakes, the black rat snake ( Elaphe o. obsoleta ) and the eastern massasauga rattlesnake ( Sistrurus c. catenatus ). We present information on the levels of variation and reliability of amplification for fragments generated from five primers. We then use a recently developed analytical technique to estimate levels of nucleotide diversity within populations and sequence divergence between populations. Our results show that intrapopulation levels of divergence as estimated by the methods of Clark & Lanigan ( Molecular Biology and Evolution 1993, 10 , 1096–1111) approximate those found for mtDNA in vertebrates and that diversity between snake populations is small and non-significant when tested using randomization procedures. Thus, our study provides an example of how RAPDs can be applied to conservation genetic studies of vertebrates and suggest that the snake populations we examined have only recently become isolated and maybe considered genetically equivalent from a conservation perspective, although this conclusion needs to be confirmed with other DNA-based markers. 相似文献
7.
A physical map and clone bank of the black pine (Pinus thunbergii) chloroplast genome 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
T. Wakasugi J. Tsudzuki S. Ito M. Shibata M. Sugiura 《Plant Molecular Biology Reporter》1994,12(3):227-241
Black pine chloroplast DNA is 119,707 bp long. The physical map is shown and the genes are listed. Plasmid clones covering
the entire DNA sequence have been ordered and available upon request. 相似文献
8.
Decker Mark D.; Parker Patricia G.; Minchella Dennis J.; Rabenold Kerry N. 《Behavioral ecology》1993,4(1):29-35
Recent research has indicated that avian mating systems maycommonly deviate from monogamy due to extrapair fertilizations(EPFs). Because the majority of avian species have long beenconsidered monogamous, accurate measurement of the frequencyof EPFs in a variety of species is important to enhance understandingof the evolution of avian mating systems. We used DNA fingerprintingto investigate the apparently monogamous mating system of blackvultures (Coragyps airaius) by assaying parentage within severalnuclear families. Monogamy is suggested in black vultures becausemated pairs exhibit long-term pair bonding and year-round association,and share incubation and nestling feeding duties equally. Thirtytwobreeders and 36 nestlings representing 16 complete nuclear familieswere tagged for individual identification and sampled for DNAanalysis using 2 restriction enzymes and 3 probes for hypervariableregions. Putative parents were assigned parentage in all cases.We empirically examined the probability of detecting EPFs bycomparing nestlings' fingerprints to those of a putative parentand another randomly chosen adult. All putative parents couldbe assigned with 95%confidence and all outside adults couldbe similarly excluded. There is therefore no evidence for successfulEPFs in this population, indicating a mating system that doesnot deviate from strict monogamy. The complex social behaviorof black vultures may eliminate the opportunity for EPFs dueto the prohibition of copulations in the presence of relatives. 相似文献
9.
In recent years, black ginseng, a new type of processed ginseng product, has attracted the attention of scholars globally. Ginsenoside and ginseng polysaccharide, the main active substances of black ginseng, have been shown to carry curative effects for many diseases. This article focuses on the mechanism of their action in anti-inflammatory response, which is mainly divided into three aspects: activation of immune cells to exert immune regulatory response; participation in inflammatory response-related pathways and regulation of the expression level of inflammatory factors; effect on the metabolic activity of intestinal flora. This study identifies active anti-inflammatory components and an action mechanism of black ginseng showing multi-component, multi-target, and multi-channel characteristics, providing ideas and a basis for a follow-up in-depth study of its specific mechanism. 相似文献
10.
Light and electron microscopy was used to study the ultrastructural effects of June Yellows (JY) in leaves of strawberry. Four cultivars of strawberry, affected to different extents by JY, were compared with healthy (JY-free) cv. Cambridge Favourite and with strawberry infected with strawberry crinkle rhabdovirus, Fragaria vesca infected with strawberry mottle virus (SMotV), raspberry and black currant showing virus-induced yellowing and with strawberry and raspberry showing chaemeric yellow sectors in the leaves. Except for isometric virus-like particles detected in SMotV-infected F. vesca, no virus-like particles or structures of other pathogenic agents were found in any of the tissues examined. Leaf cells of JY-affected strawberry showed severe disruption of chloroplasts and plasmalemma, whorls of membranous vesicles and decreased vacuole size. The extent and severity of these abnormalities increased with increased severity of JY symptoms but, even in leaves with mild JY symptoms, chloroplast abnormalities were obvious. In the most severely affected leaves, the cells lacked discrete vacuoles and extensive hypertrophy was seen in other organelles such as nuclei and mitochondria. Few, if any, ultrastructural abnormalities were observed in virus-infected strawberry or F. vesca, or in chaemeric leaves of strawberry and raspberry. By contrast, in raspberry and black currant with yellowed leaves caused by virus infection, the cells showed enlarged chloroplasts, decreased vacuole size and vesicle formation. However, chloroplast enlargement and disruption in this material seemed due to increased size of starch grains which were largely absent from swollen chloroplasts of JY-affected strawberry. The ultrastructural abnormalities observed in JY-affected strawberry are, therefore, not inconsistent with the possibility that a pathogenic agent may be involved in the condition. 相似文献