四川产紫堇属四新种

Af finis C. hemsleyanae Franch. et Prain, sed caulibus scapiformibus, flori-lus flavis, majoribus, petalo antico basi saccato facile differt.Herba caespitosa circ. 30 cm longa. Rhizoma circ. 5-10 mm longum, 10 mm crassum, radicibus fibrosis, numerosis, fasciculatis. Caulis 1 usque numerosus, scapiformis, simplex, efoliolatus, interdum basi unifoliatus. Folia basalia numerosa, circ. 20 cm longa, petiolis circ. 15 cm longis basi marginato-expansis, plus minu-sve carnosulis, in sicco purpureo-brunneis, laminis circ. 5 cm longis 5-6 cm latis viridibus, subtus glaucescentibus, biternatis, pinnis brevipetiolulatis, pinnulis sessilibus vel subsessilibus, 2.5-3.5 cm longis, 2 - 3 cm latis bitripartitis, segmentis lanccolatis, saepe trilobatis.     

桔黄赛多孢菌胞外胰蛋白酶的酶学特性

桔黄赛多孢菌Scedosporium aurantiacum是慢性肺病患者的常见呼吸道定植菌,在免疫缺陷人群中可引起侵袭性感染,致死率高,但由于致病机理不明,目前仍然缺乏有效的防控手段。我们在前期研究中,通过差异蛋白组学及酶工程技术发现分泌胰蛋白酶是桔黄赛多孢菌的潜在毒力因子,目前对这种蛋白酶的遗传信息、结构及致病机制并不清楚。本研究用Superdex S-200分子筛和DEAE-Sepharose离子交换两种填料将这种蛋白酶分离纯化出来,通过酶谱验证了纯化效果。进一步研究发现,这种胰蛋白酶对bFSR、bLSTR和bEKK 3种底物的水解性能最佳,对zFR和bzLR的水解性能最差。酶解最快的反应所对应的K_m为6.09μmol/L,V_max为13.01μmol/L/s,K_cat为23.65/s;酶解最慢的反应所对应的K_m为29.94μmol/L,V_max为11.35μmol/L/s,K_cat为20.63/s。研究结果对于填补赛多孢菌毒力因子研究的空白、针对毒力因子开发新型的抗真菌药物和治疗方法都具有重要意义。     

Streamlining 'search and destroy': cost-effective surveillance for invasive species management

Invasive species surveillance has typically been targeted to where the species is most likely to occur. However, spatially varying environmental characteristics and land uses may affect more than just the probability of occurrence. Biodiversity or economic value, and the ease of detection and control are also likely to vary. We incorporate these factors into a detection and treatment model of a low-density invader to determine the surveillance strategy that minimizes expected management costs. Sites with a high probability of invader occurrence and great benefits associated with detection warrant intensive surveillance; however, the optimum investment is a nonlinear function of these factors. Environments where the invader is relatively easy to detect are prioritized for surveillance, although only a moderate investment is necessary to ensure a high probability of detection. Intensive surveillance effort may be allocated to other sites if the probability of occurrence, budget and/or expected benefits is sufficiently high.     

Biotransformation of prednisolone to hydroxy derivatives by Penicillium aurantiacum

Prednisolone, a synthetic adrenal corticosteroid drug, is known to have anti-inflammatory and autoimmune activity. Biotransformation of prednisolone was carried out to obtain more bioactive prednisolone derivatives. Among six different fungi, Penicillium aurantiacum proved to be the best prednisolone hydroxylator. As a result of prednisolone biotransformation by P. aurantiacum, whole cells four different prednisolone derivatives were investigated. 20β-Hydroxyprednisolone (1) and 21,21-dimethoxy-11β-hydroxypregn-1,4-dien-3,20-dione (2) were detected as the main metabolites. These metabolites together with other two metabolites, 11β-hydroxyandrost-1,4-dien-3,17-dione (3) and 11β,17β-dihydroxyandrost-1,4-dien-3- one (4), were purified and assigned by an interpretation of their spectral data using mass spectroscopy (MS), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C-NMR) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) analyses. The best fermentation conditions for production of compounds 1–4 were as follows: medium (3) consisting of (g/l): glucose 20; l-asparagine 0.7; MgSO₄.7H₂O 0.5; KH₂PO₄ 1.52; KCl 0.52; Cu (NO₃)₂ traces; ZnSO₄.7H₂O traces, supplemented with prednisolone concentration of 0.3?mg/ml, inoculated by 10% of microorganism and incubated for 72?h. Under these optimized conditions, ～94.8% of the added prednisolone was converted to aforementioned derivatives, which have the potential to be used in industrial production of important pharmaceutical compounds.     

Composition and presumed biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids in the astaxanthin-producing bacterium Agrobacterium aurantiacum

Abstract The carotenoid composition of the astaxanthin-producing bacterium Agrobacterium aurantiacum was analysed under different culture conditions. Ten kinds of carotenoids, β-carotene, echinenone, β-cryptoxanthin, 3-hydroxyechinenone, canthaxanthin, 3'-hydroxyechinenone, zeaxanthin, adonirubin, adonixanthin and astaxanthin, were identified by HPLC and spectroscopical techniques. A. aurantiacum synthesized astaxanthin from β-carotene through two hydroxylation steps at C-3 and 3', and oxidation steps at C-4 and 4'. The order of these reactions appeared to be controlled by the culture conditions. A new pathway for astaxanthin formation, different from that of other astaxanthin-producing microorganisms, is proposed.     

桔黄赛多孢，一种潜在的致病有丝分裂产孢真菌

【目的】调查发现我国土壤中稀有且重要的真菌资源。【方法】采用经典形态学及分子系统学方法对获得的菌株进行鉴定。【结果】从一养殖场含有猪粪的土样中分离获得一赛多孢EM12901菌株。其主要鉴别特征是:在查氏培养基上,绒状,灰白色至淡棕色。分生孢子梗单生或分支;单生的分生孢子梗常退化为产孢细胞。产孢细胞顶生或侧生,透明至半透明,薄壁,柱状或轻微膨大的烧瓶状,(3.5-45.0)μm×(1.5-3.0)μm;分生孢子顶生或侧生,单生,透明至半透明,光滑,椭圆形、倒卵圆形或近柱状,(4.3-14.0)μm×(2.5-5.5)μm。【结论】基于形态学及分子系统学方法相结合鉴定,赛多孢EM12901菌株为我国一新记录种,桔黄赛多孢Scedosporium aurantiacum Gilgado,Cano,GenéGuarro。     

Isolation of a diploid, apomictic plant of Hieracium aurantiacum

 As in most taxa that contain gametophytic apomicts, all of the apomictic biotypes studied so far in the genus Hieracium subgenus Pilosella have been recorded as polyploids. As part of a study of variation in apomictically derived populations of H. aurantiacum, a diploid plant was identified. Apospory, the mechanism of apomixis typically observed in this taxon, was observed in this plant. Unreduced megagametophytes at various developmental stages were commonly observed in the developing ovules, and endosperm formation was autonomous. The eventual seed set, however, was low. This appears to have been due to the proliferation of competing megagametophytes and embryos within each ovule. Pollen sterility was also observed, primarily resulting from the dysfunction of microgametogenesis at the uninucleate stage. Received: 3 September 1996 / Revision accepted: 21 March 1997     

广东粉褶蕈属的分类研究

本文报道广东省粉褶蕈属Entoloma(Fr.)Kummer的23种,其中新种4个,国内新记录种17个。新种为肉色粉褶蕈Entoloma carneum Bi sp.nov.,拟灰白粉褶蕈Entoloma pseudo-griseoalbum Bi sp.nov.,绒毛粉褶蕈 Entoloma tomentosum Bi sp.nov.以及橙黄粉褶蕈Entoloma aurantiacum Bi sp.nov.。17个国内新纪录是:白粉褶蕈E.albidum(Murr.)Hesler,小白粉褶蕈E.albinellum(Pk.)Hesler,变灰褐粉褶蕈E.canobrunnescens Horak,卡罗琳尼粉褶蕈E.carolinianum Hesler,角柄粉褶蕈E.ceratopus Horak,黄肉色粉褶蕈E.flavocerinum Horak,脆柄粉褶蕈E.fragilipes Corner et Horak,烟色粉褶蕈E.fumeum Hesler,灰色粉褶蕈E.grayanum(Pk.)Sacc.,贺斯同美粉褶蕈E.hallstromii Horak,类洁粉褶蕈E.purddes Horak,方形粉褶蕈E.quadratum(Berk.et Curt.)Horak,圆孢粉褶蕈E.rotundisporum Horak,近白粉褶蕈E.subalbidum Murr.,亚亮粉褶蕈E.sublucidum Murr.,近方形粉褶蕈E.subquadratum Hesler及紫褐粉褶蕈E.violaceobrunneum Hesler。文中有分种检索表     

牛舌菌科一新种和齿菌科一新变种

本文报道了牛舌菌科(Fistulinaceae)的一个新种:中国假牛舌菌 Pseudofistulina sine-nsis G.Y.Zheng et Bi sp.nov.,和齿菌科(Hydnaceae)一新变种:大孢橙亚齿菌 Hydnellumaurantiacum(Alb.＆ Schw.)Karst.var.macrosporus G.Y.Zheng et Bi var.nov.。以及三个国内新纪录种:月桔韧革菌 Stereum murrayi(Berk.＆ Curt.)Burr.;毛栓齿菌 Phellodontomentosus(L.)Banker;白丝薄皮菌 Ischnoderma albotextus(Lloyd)Reid。