迷迭香酸抗穿透支原体脂蛋白诱导巨噬细胞凋亡的作用研究

探讨迷迭香酸对穿透支原体脂蛋白诱导巨噬细胞凋亡的保护作用。方法:以穿透支原体脂蛋白损伤RAW264．7细胞为模型,用MTT法检测细胞存活状况,DNA片断化分析观察穿透支原体脂蛋白对RAW264．7细胞DNA降解的影响,碘化丙啶染色流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率。结果:7．5mg/L穿透支原体脂蛋白可引起RAW264．7细胞存活率降低,出现细胞凋亡特征性“DNA梯带”,流式细胞术检测细胞出现凋亡亚G1期峰,凋亡率为31．9%;100μmol/L迷迭香酸预处理1小时后可以升高RAW264．7细胞的存活率,凋亡细胞特征性的梯状梯带消失,细胞凋亡亚G1期峰消失,并使RAW264．7细胞的凋亡率下降为7．9%。结论:迷迭香酸有抗穿透支原体脂蛋白诱导RAW264．7细胞凋亡的作用。     

Autophagy and ATP-induced anti-apoptosis in antigen presenting cells (APC) follows the cytokine storm in patients after major trauma

Severe trauma and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) occur as a result of a cytokine storm which is in part due to ATP released from damaged tissue. This pathology also leads to increased numbers of immature antigen presenting cells (APC) sharing properties of dendritic cells (DC) or macrophages (MΦ). The occurrence of immature APC appears to coincide with the reactivation of herpes virus infections such as Epstein Barr virus (EBV). The aim of this study was the comparative analysis of the ultrastructural and functional characteristics of such immature APC. In addition, we investigated EBV infection/ reactivation and whether immature APC might be targets for natural killers (NK). Significant macroautophagy, mitochondrial degradation and multivesicular body formation together with the identification of herpes virus particles were morphological findings associated with immature APC. Exogenous stressors such as ATP further increased morphological signs of autophagy, including LC3 expression. Functional tests using fluorescent bacteria proved impaired phagolysosome fusion. However, immature APC were susceptible to NK-92-mediated cytolysis. We found evidence for EBV latency state II infection by detecting EBV-specific LMP1 and EBNA2 in immature APC and in whole blood of these patients. In summary, trauma-induced cytokine storms may induce maturation arrest of APC, promote ATP-induced autophagy, support EBV persistence and impair the degradation of phagocytozed bacteria through inefficient phagolysosome fusion. The susceptibility to NK-mediated cytolysis supports the hypothesis that NK function is likely to contribute to immune reconstitution after major trauma by regulating immature APC, and ATP-induced autophagy and survival.     

Don't lose heart--therapeutic value of apoptosis prevention in the treatment of cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. Loss of function or death of cardiomyocytes is a major contributing factor to these diseases. Cell death in conditions such as heart failure and myocardial infarction is associated with apoptosis. Apoptotic pathways have been well studied in non-myocytes and it is thought that similar pathways exist in cardiomyocytes. These pathways include death initiated by ligation of membrane-bound death receptors, release of pro-apoptotic factors from mitochondria or stress at the endoplasmic reticulum. The key regulators of apoptosis include inhibitors of caspases (IAPs), the Bcl-2 family of proteins, growth factors, stress proteins, calcium and oxidants. The highly organized and predictive nature of apoptotic signaling means it is amenable to manipulation. A thorough understanding of the apoptotic process would facilitate intervention at the most suitable points, alleviating myocardium decline and dysfunction. This review summarizes the mechanisms underlying apoptosis and the mediators/regulators involved in these signaling pathways. We also discuss how the potential therapeutic value of these molecules could be harnessed.     

Sorcin蛋白高表达对胃癌细胞生长的影响

目的：研究Sorcin蛋白在胃癌及癌周组织中的表达及其在胃癌发生发展中的可能作用机制。方法：应用免疫组化检测Sorcin在85例胃癌及癌周组织中的表达情况;转染Sorcin基因至正常胃粘膜上皮细胞GES-1,Western blot验证转染组及对照组Sorcin表达情况;MTT法检测细胞存活率。结果：Sorcin在胃癌组织中的表达明显高于癌旁组织（p＆lt;0.01）;与对照组相比,Sorcin高表达明显增强细胞抗凋亡能力。结论：Sorcin蛋白质在胃癌中高表达,其可能通过调控细胞凋亡途径参与胃癌恶性生物学行为,有望成为潜在的诊断胃癌、判断预后的分子标志物。     

HSV-2 miR-H4-5p负调节CDKL2基因表达并抑制Act D引起的Vero细胞凋亡

单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型（herpes simplex virus Ⅱ,HSV-2）编码的microRNA-H4-5p (miR-H4- 5p)可与病毒神经毒力蛋白ICP34-5mRNA互补结合并抑制其表达,从而降低病毒感染对细胞的毒力作用,以减弱细胞对病毒的免疫作用．但miR-H4-5p是否可靶向作用于宿主细胞基因目前仍不十分清楚．本研究证明,miR-H4-5p可通过靶向细胞周期依赖性激酶（cyclin- dependent kinase like 2, CDKL2）基因表达抗防线菌素D（actinomycin D, ActD）诱导的非洲绿猴肾上皮细胞（African green monkey kidney cells ,Vero）细胞凋亡．生物信息学方法在线预测miR-H4-5p潜在靶基因CDKL2的结合位点,并构建双萤光素酶报告系统检测miR-H4-5p靶向作用. 数据表明,miR-H4-5p可有效抑制萤光素酶的表达．qPCR和Western印迹数据表明,miR-H4-5p 可在 mRNA水平和蛋白水平抑制CDKL2表达．构建过表达载体pmR- mcherry/miR-H4-5p（cherry/H4-5p）,将cherry/H4-5p与pmR-mcherry空质粒转染至Vero细胞,转染24 h后加入终浓度为1 μg/mL放线菌素D诱导细胞凋亡．MTT法、流式细胞术和Western印迹检测Bax、Bcl-2表达.数据表明,miR-H4-5p可抑制ActD诱导的Vero细胞活性降低．本实验提示,miR-H4-5p可通过靶向调节宿主细胞基因抑制细胞凋亡,可能以此方式共同参与HSV 2潜伏感染的建立．但是这种抑制凋亡作用的通路及其机制目前仍不清楚,miR-H4-5p是否可靶向更多的宿主基因仍需要进一步实验验证．     

氢分子对心肌损伤的防护效应及机制

近年来,氢分子的生物医学效应引起广泛关注.氢分子极小,且具有高扩散性,不仅能透过血脑屏障,还能穿过各种细胞膜进入胞浆、线粒体、细胞核和内质网等亚细胞结构,甚至可进入生物大分子内部,与靶分子发挥作用.近期研究表明,氢分子在缓解电离辐射、缺血再灌注、心脏移植、心肺复苏术和心肺转流术等所致心脏损伤中有很好的预防和辅助治疗效果,并且副作用极小.氢分子作用的机制可能与其抗氧化、抗炎、抗凋亡及调节线粒体代谢相关,但其确切机制还需更多和更深入的研究.     

Anti-apoptotic effects of SERPIN B3 and B4 via STAT6 activation in macrophages after infection with Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma gondii penetrates all kinds of nucleated eukaryotic cells but modulates host cells differently for its intracellular survival. In a previous study, we found out that serine protease inhibitors B3 and B4 (SERPIN B3/B4 because of their very high homology) were significantly induced in THP-1-derived macrophages infected with T. gondii through activation of STAT6. In this study, to evaluate the effects of the induced SERPIN B3/B4 on the apoptosis of T. gondii-infected THP-1 cells, we designed and tested various small interfering (si-) RNAs of SERPIN B3 or B4 in staurosporine-induced apoptosis of THP-1 cells. Anti-apoptotic characteristics of THP-1 cells after infection with T. gondii disappeared when SERPIN B3/B4 were knock-downed with gene specific si-RNAs transfected into THP-1 cells as detected by the cleaved caspase 3, poly-ADP ribose polymerase and DNA fragmentation. This anti-apoptotic effect was confirmed in SERPIN B3/B4 overexpressed HeLa cells. We also investigated whether inhibition of STAT6 affects the function of SERPIN B3/B4, and vice versa. Inhibition of SERPIN B3/B4 did not influence STAT6 expression but SERPIN B3/B4 expression was inhibited by STAT6 si-RNA transfection, which confirmed that SERPIN B3/B4 was induced under the control of STAT6 activation. These results suggest that T. gondii induces SERPIN B3/B4 expression via STAT6 activation to inhibit the apoptosis of infected THP-1 cells for longer survival of the intracellular parasites themselves.     

Suppressive effect of elongation factor 2 on apoptosis induced by HIV-1 viral protein R

Rapid CD4+ lymphocyte depletion due to cell death caused by HIV infection is one of the hallmarks of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. HIV-1 viral protein R (Vpr) induces apoptosis and is believed to contribute to CD4+ lymphocyte depletion. Thus, identification of cellular factors that potentially counteract this detrimental viral effect will not only help us to understand the molecular action of Vpr but also to design future antiviral therapies. In this report, we describe identification of elongation factor 2 (EF2) as such a cellular factor. Specifically, EF2 protein level is responsive to vpr gene expression; it is able to suppress Vpr-induced apoptosis when it is overproduced beyond its physiological level. EF2 was initially identified through a genome-wide multicopy suppressor search for Vpr-induced apoptosis in a fission yeast model system. Overproduction of fission yeast Ef2 completely abolishes Vpr-induced cell killing in fission yeast. Similarly, overexpression of the human homologue of yeast Ef2 in a neuroblastoma SKN-SH cell line and two CD4+ H9 and CEM-SS T-cell lines also blocked Vpr-induced apoptosis. The anti-apoptotic property of EF2 is demonstrated by its ability to suppress caspase 9 and caspase 3-mediated apoptosis induced by Vpr. In addition, it also reduces cytochrome c release induced by Vpr, staurosporine and TNFα. The fact that overproduction of EF2 blocks Vpr-induced cell death both in fission yeast and human cells, suggested that EF2 posses a highly conserved anti-apoptotic activity. Moreover, the responsive elevation of EF2 to Vpr suggests a possible host innate antiviral response.     

Neuroprotective effect of Danshensu derivatives as anti-ischaemia agents on SH-SY5Y cells and rat brain

Novel Danshensu derivatives (3–8) were designed and synthesized to improve bioactivity based on the strategy of ‘medicinal chemical hybridization’. Our previous studies indicated that these compounds exhibited noticeable cardioprotective activities. Here, we investigate whether these novel Danshensu derivatives exert neuroprotective activities. An in vitro study revealed that these compounds could increase cell viability and reduce LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) leakage. Moreover, Danshensu-cysteine derivative compounds 6 and 8 could significantly inhibit lipid peroxidation of cell membrane and regulate the expression of apoptosis-related protein (Bcl-2, Bax and caspase 3). An in vivo study demonstrated that treatment with compound 6 at 30 mg/kg markedly decreased the infarct volume of MCAO (middle cerebral artery occlusion) insulted rat brain. Furthermore, treatment with compound 6 showed the antioxidant capacity by increasing the activity of SOD (superoxide dismutase) and GPx (glutathione peroxidase) and decreasing the level of MDA (malondialdehyde) and the ROS (reactive oxygen species) production significantly. These results suggested that these novel conjugates exert significant neuroprotective effects as anti-ischaemia agents and those with high potential merit further investigation.     

Functional study on baculovirus anti-apoptosis genes

Apoptosis of bollworm cell line Hz-AM1 can be delayed by transient expression of AcNPV (Autographa californica Nuclear Polihedrosis Virus) p35 gene. Acp35Z, a p35 inactivated AcNPV by inserting with LacZ gene, cannot replicate in Hz-AM1 cells. However, the replication can be rescued by co-transfection with a plasmid containing AcNPV p35 gene. It is also realized that the transient expression of AcNPV p35 gene in Hela cells can put off cell apoptosis which is induced by adding actinomycin-D. Through co-transfection and G418 screening, two anti-apoptosis cell lines named Sf9-35 and Vero-35 are established by integrating AcNPV p35 and Neo expression cassette into the cell chromosomes. The Sf9-35 enhances the yield of budded virus of AcNPV, while the Vero-35 increases the propagation of measles virus.