木立芦荟不同叶龄叶的解剖学和组织化学及其植物化学研究

应用植物解剖学、组织化学、荧光显微观察与植物化学技术相结合,研究了木立芦荟不同叶龄叶的解剖结构、叶绿素和类胡萝卜的含量、芦荟素的含量及其合成和贮藏结构的特点。结果表明:芦荟素由同化薄壁组织产生,叶绿体的基质为其合成场所。芦荟素细胞可能是芦荟素早期贮存的场所,随着芦荟素细胞的逐渐萎缩老化,维管束鞘细胞成为贮藏芦荟素的代替场所。同一植株的叶随着叶龄的增长,维管束的密度降低,芦荟素细胞占维管束横切面的百分比减小,同化薄壁组织细胞中的叶绿体逐步衰老、解体,芦荟素含量逐渐降低,但不同叶龄叶中叶绿体色素的含量与芦荟素含量间没有明显的相关性。     

遮荫对库拉索芦荟细胞超微结构和芦荟素含量的影响

分别用透射电子显微镜技术、高效液相色谱法研究了生长在遮荫和自然光照条件下库拉索芦荟叶片的超微结构和芦荟素含量.电镜观察结果表明,遮荫处理6个月后,库拉索芦荟叶片细胞中叶绿体基粒数量减少,类囊体片层数目减少且排列疏松,质体中原来积累的淀粉粒逐渐减少直至消失;内质网、高尔基体等内膜系统不发达.高效液相色谱分析结果显示,生长在遮荫条件下的库拉索芦荟叶片,芦荟素含量明显低于生长在自然光照下的含量.其中,遮荫下幼叶芦荟素的含量是自然光照下的63.33%,而成熟叶芦荟素含量仅有自然光照下的23.77%.无论自然光下还是遮荫条件下生长的芦荟,芦荟素的含量与叶龄有显著的负相关性,遮荫对成熟叶的影响更大.综合两方面的实验结果认为,遮荫首先影响芦荟叶片细胞内膜系统的发育,进而限制了芦荟素的合成和运输,使芦荟叶片中芦荟素含量降低.     

六种芦荟叶的解剖结构及其与芦荟素含量的相关性

应用半薄切片法、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和荧光显微镜研究了6种芦荟叶的结构、芦荟素的含量和储藏芦荟素的组织.结果表明,6种芦荟叶均由表皮、光合组织、储水组织和维管束组成,都表现出明显的旱生植物肉质叶的结构特征,表皮由一层扁平的细胞组成,其外壁加厚,并覆盖着厚的角质膜,气孔器凹陷,储水组织发达.6 种芦荟叶的结构存在显著差异.木立芦荟(Aloe arborescens Mill.)和易变芦荟(A. mutabilis Pillans)的光合组织细胞呈长柱状,类似栅栏薄壁组织.中华芦荟(A. vera L. var. chinensis Berg.)、库拉索芦荟(A. vera L.)、皂叶芦荟(A. saponaria Hawer)和绿芦荟(A. greenii Bak.)则为等直径薄壁细胞.木立芦荟、中华芦荟、易变芦荟和库拉索芦荟的维管束中有大型薄壁细胞,皂叶芦荟和绿芦荟的维管束中无大型薄壁细胞.木立芦荟、易变芦荟和库拉索芦荟在光合组织和储水组织之间有一层不含叶绿体的小型薄壁细胞,包围着储水薄壁组织,称之为储水组织鞘.中华芦荟、皂叶芦荟和绿芦荟则没有储水组织鞘.HPLC测量结果表明,木立芦荟叶芦荟素含量最高,库拉索芦荟和易变芦荟次之,中华芦荟、皂叶芦荟和绿芦荟含量最低.荧光显微镜观察结果表明,在紫外光和蓝光下,黄色和黄绿色小球体仅存在于维管束的大型薄壁细胞、维管束鞘和储水组织鞘中,而光合组织和储水组织中没有黄色和黄绿色小球体.因此,维管束中大型薄壁细胞、维管束鞘和储水组织鞘是芦荟素等蒽醌类物质的储藏场所.综上所述,芦荟素含量与维管束的大型薄壁细胞、维管束鞘和储水组织鞘的情况密切相关.     

芦荟维管束的结构与芦荟素积累的相关性

应用半薄切片、组织化学、荧光显微镜观察和薄层层析 (TLC)相结合的方法研究了中华芦荟 (Aloeve-ra L.var.chinensis)、木立芦荟 (Aloe arborescens)叶和茎内维管束的结构及其与芦荟素积累的关系。结果表明 ,木立芦荟叶内维管束和中华芦荟叶内外轮的维管束中有大型韧皮薄壁细胞 ,而木立芦荟茎和中华芦荟叶中内轮维管束无大型韧皮薄壁细胞。组织化学结果表明 ,用醋酸铅处理过的上述材料 ,大型韧皮薄壁细胞内出现沉淀物 ;在荧光显微镜下经蓝光激发 ,大型韧皮薄壁细胞发出桔黄色荧光 ,都显示出芦荟素反应。薄层层析(TLC)结果证明 ,木立芦荟和中华芦荟叶含有大型韧皮薄壁细胞的维管束都含芦荟素 ,而木立芦荟茎及中华芦荟叶中内轮维管束都不含芦荟素。为此 ,维管束中的大型韧皮薄壁细胞与芦荟素的积累密切相关 ,维管束中是否有大型韧皮薄壁细胞可作为判断是否含有芦荟素的解剖学指标。     

3种芦荟属植物叶的表皮扫描电镜观察及芦荟素含量的测定

以库拉索芦荟、木立芦荟和皂质芦荟为材料,用扫描电镜观察其叶表皮气孔和角质膜的结构,用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定了3种芦荟属植物叶中芦荟素的含量。扫描电镜观察结果表明,3种芦荟叶表皮都覆盖有厚的角质膜,气孔下陷,表现出典型的旱生植物特征。但角质膜的纹饰和厚度在不同芦荟间有显着差异。木立芦荟角质膜表面呈瘤状突起,角质膜厚度为5～6μm,库拉索芦荟和皂质芦荟的角质膜表面较平,库拉索芦荟的角质膜厚度为3～4μm,皂质芦荟的角质膜厚度为8～10μm。高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定结果表明,木立芦荟叶含芦荟素最高,库拉索芦荟叶含量较低,而皂质芦荟叶含量最低。此外,本文还初步探讨了芦荟属植物叶表皮结构与芦荟素含量的关系。     

六种芦荟叶的解剖结构及其与芦荟素含量的相关性

应用半薄切片法、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和荧光显微镜研究了6种芦荟叶的结构、芦荟素的含量和储藏芦荟素的组织。结果表明,6种芦荟叶均由表皮、光合组织、储水组织和维管束组成,都表现出明显的旱生植物肉质叶的结构特征,表皮由一层扁平的细胞组成,其外壁加厚,并覆盖着厚的角质膜,气孔器凹陷,储水组织发达。6种芦荟叶的结构存在显著差异。木立芦荟(Aloe arborescens Mill．)和易变芦荟(A．mutabilis Pillans)的光合组织细胞呈长柱状,类似栅栏薄壁组织。中华芦荟(A．vera L.var．chinensis Berg．)、库拉索芦荟(A．vera L．)、皂叶芦荟(A．saponaria Hawer)和绿芦荟(A．greenii Bak．)则为等直径薄壁细胞。木立芦荟、中华芦荟、易变芦荟和库拉索芦荟的维管束中有大型薄壁细胞,皂叶芦荟和绿芦荟的维管束中无大型薄壁细胞。木立芦荟、易变芦荟和库拉索芦荟在光合组织和储水组织之间有一层不含叶绿体的小型薄壁细胞,包围着储水薄壁组织,称之为储水组织鞘。中华芦荟、皂叶芦荟和绿芦荟则没有储水组织鞘。HPLC测量结果表明,木立芦荟叶芦荟素含量最高,库拉索芦荟和易变芦荟次之,中华芦荟、皂叶芦荟和绿芦荟含量最低。荧光显微镜观察结果表明,在紫外光和蓝光下,黄色和黄绿色小球体仅存在于维管束的大型薄壁细胞、维管束鞘和储水组织鞘中,而光合组织和储水组织中没有黄色和黄绿色小球体。因此,维管束中大型薄壁细胞、维管束鞘和储水组织鞘是芦荟素等蒽醌类物质的储藏场所。综上所述,芦荟素含量与维管束的大型薄壁细胞、维管束鞘和储水组织鞘的情况密切相关。     

膜分离浓缩芦荟原汁

目的：探寻膜分离浓缩芦荟原汁的最佳处理技术。方法：对超滤膜、超滤压力、温度进行三因素三水平正交实验法考察芦荟原汁分离浓缩的条件和方案。结果：膜分离浓缩芦荟原汁的最佳处理技术参数为UF-1组为超滤膜,操作压力为0.6MPa,温度35-45℃。结论：利用膜分离技术能很好地将芦荟原汁分成三部分：芦荟水、芦荟甙浓缩液、芦荟多糖浓缩液。     

Interaction of aloe active compounds with calf thymus DNA

Natural anthraquinone compounds have emerged as potent anticancer chemotherapeutic agents because of their promising DNA‐binding properties. Aloe vera is among one of the very well‐known medicinal plants, and the anthraquinone derivatives like aloe emodin (ALM), aloins (ALN), and aloe emodin‐8‐glucoside (ALMG) are known to have immense biological activities. Here, we have used biophysical methods to elucidate the comparative DNA‐binding abilities of these three molecules. Steady‐state fluorescence study indicated complexation between calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) and both the molecules ALM and ALMG whereas ALN showed very weak interaction with DNA. Displacement assays with ctDNA‐bound intercalator (ethidium bromide) and a groove binder (Hoechst 33258) indicated preferential binding of both ALM and ALMG to minor groove of DNA. Isothermal titration calorimetric (ITC) data suggested spontaneous exothermic single binding mode of both the molecules: ALM and ALMG. Entropy is the most important factor which contributed to the standard molar Gibbs energy associated with relatively small favorable enthalpic contribution. The equilibrium constants of binding to ctDNA were (6.02 ± 0.10) × 10⁴ M^?1 and (4.90 ± 0.11) × 10⁴ M^?1 at 298.15 K, for ALM and ALMG, respectively. The enthalpy vs temperature plot yielded negative standard molar heat capacity value, and a strong negative correlation between enthalpy and entropy terms was observed which indicates the enthalpy entropy compensation behavior in both systems. All these thermodynamic phenomena indicate that hydrophobic force is the key factor which is involved in the binding process. Moreover, the enhancement of thermal stability of DNA helix by ALM and ALMG fully agreed to the complexation of these molecules with DNA.     

The phytochemical profile and identification of main phenolic compounds from the leaf exudate of Aloe secundiflora by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy

The phytochemical profile of Aloe secundiflora (Aloeaceae) and the identity of eight major compounds, including the two main constituents, have been determined from the leaf exudate of this ethnoveterinary used species from Kenya and Tanzania. Analytical HPLC-MS studies of the exudate have revealed that it comprises a mixture of phenolic compounds, mainly anthrones (aloenin, aloenin B, isobarbaloin, barbaloin and other aloin derivatives), chromones and phenylpyrones with a low content of polysaccharides and aliphatic compounds. The high percentage of anthrones in the exudate could provide a first line of evidence for the use of the plant in ethnoveterinary practices.     

Secretory tissues in the East African shrubby aloes

Examination of Aloe leaf sections revealed the presence of three types of cells at the phloem pole of the vascular bundles, aloin cells, outer bundle sheath cells and fibres. Three species contain fibres alone and produce a sparse exudate with few components staining purple with Fast Blue B on thin-layer chromatograms. The majority of species have aloin cells of various sizes and in the tetraploid species these produce a copious exudate containing anthraquinone and chromone derivatives. It is suggested that the aloin cells act as storage tissue and that the compounds are synthesized in the surrounding layer of cells of smaller diameter, many of which can be seen to contain globules of unknown constitution. Anatomical observations support the idea that the shrubby tetraploid Aloe species are derived from a form similar to the diploid Aloe morijensis. Two forms of this species have been described, one with fibres only and few exudate components and another with both fibres and aloin cells and an exudate containing compounds of the tetraploid species. A line of diploid plants similar in anatomy and chemistry to the first form is represented by A. fibrosa and A. babatiensis while a line of tetraploids with affinities to the second form is represented by A. nyeriensis, A. cheranganiensis, A. elgonica, A. dawei and A.yavellana.