The effect of glucosinolates on responses of young Phyllotreta nemorum larvae to non-host plants

All recorded host plants of Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) contain glucosinolates and belong to the plant families Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), Resedaceae and Capparaceae. The acceptability of 56 plant species from 28 other plant families (non-hosts) for young larvae has been studied in the laboratory. None of these species were fully acceptable for initiations of leaf mines when intact untreated leaves were presented, and only one species, Malva silvestris L. (Malvaceae), was partially acceptable. The acceptability of some species increased when leaf discs were presented instead of intact leaves; but the highest percentages of mine initiations occurred in leaf discs treated with the glucosinolate, sinigrin. A stimulatory effect of sinigrin could be demonstrated in experiments with 7 plant species: Papaver dubium L., Papaver rhoeas L., Fumaria officinalis L., Malva silvestris L., Pisum sativum L., Campanula latifolia L. and Lactuca sativa L. The majority of species remained unacceptable even after treatment with glucosinolates.The main causes for these differences between plant species are supposed to be differences in contents of deterrents and/or other stimulants for mine initiation. These possibilities are discussed in relation to the content of allelochemicals in acceptable plants and the position of these plants in botanical classifications.

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Zusammenfassung Phyllotreta nemorum L. ist ein oligophager Erdfloh, der an Cruciferen und anderen Glukosinolat-haltigen Pflanzenarten gebunden ist. Die Imagines fressen Löcher in die Blätter und die Weibchen legen ihre Eier in den Boden. Die Larven sind Blattminierer. Nach dem Schlüpfen im Boden klettern sie an die Pflanzen hoch, und die Einbohrung und der Anfang der Minierung erfolgt in eines der unteren Blätter der Wirtspflanze.Die Wirkung von Glukosinolaten auf die Einbohrung von Junglarven in Pflanzenarten, die keine natürliche Inhalt von Glukosinolaten haben, ist in Laborexperimenten untersucht worden. 56 Pflanzenarten aus 28 Familien wurden präsentiert teils als unbehandelte Blätter und teils als Glukosinolatbehandelte Blattscheiben. Unbehandelte Blätter von nicht-Glukosinolathaltigen Arten waren immer unbefriedigend für die Larven. Nur in eine Art, Malva silvestris L. war die Frequenz der Einbohrung ein bisschen höher als 10%. Eine signifikante Erhöherung der Anzahl eingebohrten Larven nach der Sinigrin-behandlung erfolgte in 7 Pflanzenarten: Papaver dubium L., P. rhoeas L., Fumaria officinalis L., Malva silvestris L., Pisum sativum L., Campanula latifolia L. und Lactuca sativa L. Doch blieben die meisten Pflanzenarten (84%) auch nach der Sinigrin-Behandlung unbesiedelt.Pflanzenarten, die nach der Sinigrin-Behandlung nicht besiedelt werden enthalten vielleicht frasshemmende Stoffe, oder ihnen fehlen noch weitere Frass-stimulierende Stoffe. Diese Möglichkeiten werden diskutiert in Zusammenhang mit den Inhalt von Allelochemikalien in besiedelten Pflanzenarten und mit ihrer taxonomischer Position.

     

Citrus limonoid effects on Colorado potato beetle larval survival and development

The effects of citrus limonoids, applied topically to potato (Solanum tuberosum L. var. Katahdin) foliage, on Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) (Say) (Chrysomelidae) larval development, growth, and survival were quantified in laboratory assays and a small-plot field test. In laboratory assays, survival, development rate, and body weight decreased with increasing limonoid concentration, however these measures of larval response did not significantly differ among varying periods of limonoid exposure (three, six, or nine days). Significant limonoid application concentration and frequency effects on survival, development rate, and defoliation were observed in the field test. These results indicate the potential utility of lethal and non-lethal effects of citrus limonoids for management of the Colorado potato beetle.     

Hydrolysis products of glucosinolates in Brassica napus tissues as inhibitors of seed germination

Enzymatic hydrolysis of glucosinolates, a class of compounds found in Brassica species, results in a number of products with potential to inhibit seed germination. To investigate the impact of both volatile and water-soluble allelochemicals, germination bioassays using Lactuca sativa seeds were conducted with root and combined leaf and stem tissues of Brassica napus. Tissues in which glucosinolates were hydrolyzed to remove volatile glucosinolate degradation products were compared with intact tissues and water controls. Only tissues containing glucosinolates produced volatiles that inhibited germination. Volatiles were trapped and identified using GC-MS. Volatiles produced in greater quanitity from intact tissues than from tissues without glucosinolates were almost exclusively glucosinolate hydrolysis products. Water-soluble components also inhibited germination. Chemical analysis of extracts confirmed the presence of glucosinolate hydrolysis products, but indicated the involvement of additional allelochemicals, especially in leaf and stem tissues. Results support the proposal that glucosinolate-containing plant tissues may contribute to reductions in synthetic pesticide use if weed seeds are targeted.Abbreviations ITC isothiocyanates - CN organic cyanides - OZT oxazolidinethione - iRoot intact root tissue - iL&S intact leaf and stem tissue - hRoot hydrolyzed root tissue - hL&S hydrolyzed leaf and stem tissue     

化感物质对枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)在厌氧条件下的生长及反硝化作用的影响

研究由秸秆腐解产生的化感物质 :阿魏酸 ( t-FA)、对羟基苯甲酸 ( p-HA)和苯甲酸 ( BA)在不同浓度下对厌氧培养的枯草芽孢杆菌 ( Bacillussubtilis)的生长及其反硝化活性的影响。结果表明 ,3种浓度的阿魏酸 ( 5.1 5、2 .58、0 .2 6mmol/L)均表现出对枯草芽孢杆菌的生长有抑制作用。对羟基苯甲酸 ( 0 .3 6、3 .62、7.2 4 mmol/L )对生长影响不明显。 8.1 9mmol/L和 4 .0 9mmol/L的苯甲酸有一定的刺激作用 ,而 0 .4 1 mmol/L的苯甲酸与对照无差别。实验表明枯草芽孢秆菌不仅能转化 NO- 3生成 NO- 2 ,而且还能转化 NO- 2 生成 N2 O。 3种化感物质对 NO- 3的转化均表现抑制作用 ,其抑制作用强弱依次为阿魏酸 >对羟基苯甲酸 >苯甲酸。高浓度的抑制作用强于低浓度。阿魏酸在 5.1 5mmol/L和 2 .58mmol/L浓度下 ,其抑制作用的差异显著性分别为 P<0 .0 1 ,P<0 .0 5。 NO- 2 的生成与 NO- 3的减少相互有关联 ,第 3天测定时 ,各处理中NO- 3急剧减少 ,而 NO- 2 急剧增加。在阿魏酸、苯甲酸处理中的 NO- 2 积累高峰在第 3天、第 4天 ,然后下降。而在对羟基苯甲酸的处理中 NO- 2 的积累一直上升 ,在第 6天的观察中仍未出现下降趋势。 3种化感物质均能抑制 N2 O的生成 ,至于在田间的抑制效果尚需进一步试验     

强壮前沟藻化感物质分析

微藻化感作用是一种极其复杂的生理、生态学现象。选取强壮前沟藻指数生长初期Ⅰ和平台生长初期Ⅱ两个阶段的滤液对中肋骨条藻、海洋原甲藻、锥状斯氏藻及球等鞭金藻生长的影响进行了研究,并萃取了阶段Ⅱ的粗提物,抑藻检测表明其具有"杀藻"效应,通过GC/MS分析该粗提物中具有潜在化感作用的物质种类。研究发现强壮前沟藻两个生长阶段的滤液对中肋骨条藻均产生强烈致死效应(phaseⅠ:F=15.18475,P=0.00298<0.05;phaseⅡ:F=6.24559,P=0.03149<0.05);锥状斯氏藻在强壮前沟藻滤液中生长,实验结束时两个阶段中的细胞密度分别是对照组的79.3%和68.9%;海洋原甲藻在强壮前沟藻生长阶段Ⅱ滤液实验的最后3d,其生长受到显著抑制(F=4.84438,P=0.04925<0.05);而等鞭金藻在强壮前沟藻两个生长阶段滤液中被抑制现象不明显(P>0.05)。强壮前沟藻滤液实验表明,强壮前沟藻能够向微环境中分泌代谢产物来抑制中肋骨条藻和海洋原甲藻的生长,并且这种抑制效应具有种类特殊对应性。上述实验结果还表明,强壮前沟藻生长阶段Ⅱ的滤液具有的生长抑制作用较为明显。采用乙酸乙酯萃取强壮前沟藻生长阶段Ⅱ滤液中的代谢产物,检测发现其代谢粗提物具有溶藻效应,GC/MS分析结果表明粗提物中存在4种可能产生化感抑制作用的物质,其中二丁基羟基甲苯(Butylated Hydroxytoluene BHT)被认为具有抗滤过性病原体和抗微生物活性。     

邻苯二甲酸对萝卜种子萌发、幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化及渗透调节物质的影响

华北地区是我国玉米的主产区,玉米秸秆还田不仅可有效改善土壤理化性状、提高土壤生物有效性,还会在腐解过程中释放出目前公认的化感物质——酚酸类物质,邻苯二甲酸是玉米秸秆腐解液中的主要酚酸类物质。从玉米秸秆还田过程中主要腐解产物(邻苯二甲酸)对蔬菜作物的化感效应角度进行了研究,为量化秸秆还田量及构建粮-菜轮作制度探寻化感效应依据。试验以萝卜为蔬菜材料,通过配置4个浓度(0.05、0.5、1.0、2.0 mmol/L)的邻苯二甲酸溶液,模拟玉米秸秆还田条件,以清水为对照,研究主要腐解产物邻苯二甲酸对萝卜种子萌发、幼苗生长、膜脂过氧化作用及渗透调节物质的影响。结果表明:(1)萝卜不同生育期对邻苯二甲酸化感效应的响应程度不同。在0.05-1 mmol/L浓度范围内,邻苯二甲酸处理促进了萝卜种子萌发,但随着处理浓度的增大,促进作用减弱;浓度达到2 mmol/L时对萝卜种子萌发具有抑制效果。(2)邻苯二甲酸0.05mmol/L处理,促进了萝卜幼苗干鲜物质积累,幼苗根系生长,其中根系长度和根系表面积分别比对照提高42.03%、38.36%,显著高于清水对照;植株体内超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性增大,过氧化物酶(Peroxidase, POD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase, CAT)活性降低,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(Malonaldehyde, MDA)含量与对照无显著差异。(3)当邻苯二甲酸浓度超过0.5 mmol/L时,萝卜幼苗脂质过氧化伤害加剧,体内MDA含量急剧增加,代谢与生理功能出现紊乱,正常生长及干鲜物质积累受到显著抑制。邻苯二甲酸浓度达到2 mmol/L时,叶片数较对照降低了36.51%;根系长度、根系表面积及根尖数降幅分别为64.46%、40.20%、41.28%。(4)对于渗透调节物质的影响,邻苯二甲酸处理促进了萝卜幼苗叶片可溶性糖含量的增加,但随着处理浓度的升高其促进作用逐渐减弱;可溶性蛋白含量随着邻苯二甲酸处理浓度的升高表现出逐渐减少的趋势,分别较对照降低了12.82%、14.88%、21.58%、24.73%。因此,华北地区实施玉米-萝卜轮作模式,从化感效应角度研究玉米秸秆量化还田,应将土壤中邻苯二甲酸浓度控制在0.5 mmol/L范围以内,以防止邻苯二甲酸浓度过高对萝卜幼苗生长的抑制作用。     

紫茎泽兰根区土壤酚酸类物质组成及其对土传病菌的影响

紫茎泽兰根系释放的化感物质是导致其土壤环境发生变化的重要因素,可为其成功入侵提供有利条件.以空白土样为对照,提取健康和感染棉蚜的紫茎泽兰根区土壤酚酸类化感物质,采用GC-MS分析其组分和相对含量.结果表明：不同处理根区土壤酚酸类化感物质的种类没有变化,但相对含量发生了改变.其中,虫害处理土样中苯甲酸和对羟基苯甲酸的相对含量均显著高于对照,但对羟基肉桂酸的相对含量显著低于对照,且苯甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸和对羟基肉桂酸的相对含量在3种处理土样中的比例存在差异.用上述3种物质单体及它们在3个处理土样的比例复配进行抑菌试验发现：在较低浓度（50～150 mg·L^-1）下,3种化感物质对5种土传性病菌有显著的抑制作用,但复配后对5种病菌的抑制作用各不相同,虫害处理的复配对其中3种病原菌的抑制作用均低于对照和健康植株.     

Challenges,achievements and opportunities in allelopathy research

Abstract

Allelopathy is defined as the suppression of any aspect of growth and/or development of one plant by another through the release of chemical compounds. Although allelopathic interference has been demonstrated many times using in vitro experiments, few studies have clearly demonstrated allelopathy in natural settings. This difficulty reflects the complexity in examining and demonstrating allelopathic interactions under field conditions. In this paper we address a number of issues related to the complexity of allelopathic interference in higher plants: These are: (i) is a demonstrated pattern or zone of inhibition important in documenting allelopathy? (ii) is it ecologically relevant to explain the allelopathic potential of a species based on a single bioactive chemical? (iii) what is the significance of the various modes of allelochemical release from the plant into the environment? (iv) do soil characteristics clearly influence allelopathic activity? (v) is it necessary to exclude other plant interference mechanisms?, and (vi) how can new achievements in allelopathy research aid in solving problems related to relevant ecological issues encountered in research conducted upon natural systems and agroecosystems? A greater knowledge of plant interactions in ecologically relevant environments, as well as the study of biochemical pathways, will enhance our understanding of the role of allelopathy in agricultural and natural settings. In addition, novel findings related to the relevant enzymes and genes involved in production of putative allelochemicals, allelochemical persistence in the rhizosphere, the molecular target sites of allelochemicals in sensitive plant species and the influence of allelochemicals upon other organisms will likely lead to enhanced utilization of natural products for pest management or as pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. This review will address these recent findings, as well as the major challenges which continue to influence the outcomes of allelopathy research.     

The Beauty is a beast: Does leachate from the invasive terrestrial plant Impatiens glandulifera affect aquatic food webs?

Invasive alien species are a major threat to ecosystems. Invasive terrestrial plants can produce allelochemicals which suppress native terrestrial biodiversity. However, it is not known if leached allelochemicals from invasive plants growing in riparian zones, such as Impatiens glandulifera, also affect freshwater ecosystems. We used mesocosms and laboratory experiments to test the impact of I. glandulifera on a simplified freshwater food web. Our mesocosm experiments show that leachate from I. glandulifera significantly reduced population growth rate of the water flea Daphnia magna and the green alga Acutodesmus obliquus, both keystone species of lakes and ponds. Laboratory experiments using the main allelochemical released by I. glandulifera, 2‐methoxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone, revealed negative fitness effects in D. magna and A. obliquus. Our findings show that allelochemicals from I. glandulifera not only reduce biodiversity in terrestrial habitats but also pose a threat to freshwater ecosystems, highlighting the necessity to incorporate cross‐ecosystem effects in the risk assessment of invasive species.     

Effect of soil type, salinity, and allelochemicals on germination and seedling growth of a medicinal plant Lepidium sativum L.

The present work was conducted to elucidate the effect of soil type, salinity stress and allelochemicals from alfalfa on the germination efficiency, seedling growth and photosynthetic pigments of Medicago sativa L. The highest germination rate (69.9%) was recorded for seeds cultivated in sandy soil followed by that of clay soil (42%) and then loamy soil (19%). The maximum germination rate was attained at 50 mM NaCl concentration level, after that the values were decreased as the salinity levels increased. The maximum lengths (cm) of plumule and radicle and their growth rates (cm/day) were obtained at control level and found to decline significantly as the salinity increased. Aqueous extracts of alfalfa reduced the germination rate, radicle and plumule growth and seedling dry weight of L. sativum. However, chlorophyll and carotenoid content was increased, their maxima were recorded at 50% concentration level. The chlorophyll a/b ratio attained its maximum at the full strength concentration level.