Nutritional criteria in machiguenga food production decisions: A linear-programming analysis

Machiguenga Indians of the Peruvian Amazon, like other low populationdensity, technologically “simple” peoples, produce ample food for a nutritious diet. Assuming that this is an intended outcome of their foodproduction strategy, to what extent is it a labor-efficient solution to the problem of producing a “balanced diet”? A linear-programming model of the “diet problem” is constructed with parameters reflecting the Machiguenga economy, and solutions are computed. These are then compared to observed Machiguenga food production; the degree of fit between model and behavior is examined and reasons for discrepancies are discussed.     

Migrant economies: opportunity structures and potential in different city types

In this paper we wish to appraise how opportunities for migrant economies and their role in urban development may differ among various city types. The article contributes to the debate about the relationship of migrant economies and urban development and takes up two perspectives: it examines local opportunity structures for migrant entrepreneurs and sheds light on migrant economies’ potential for urban development. To address the many interrelated historical and contemporary processes in cities that influence migrant economies, we adopt the rescaling and the mixed embeddedness approaches. Studies on the role of migrant economies in urban development have predominantly focused on metropolises. Based on mixed-methods case studies in two medium-sized German cities, we ask how different city types influence the opportunities and potential of migrant economies for urban development.     

黄河上游兰州-西宁城市群资源环境承载力时空分异及障碍因子诊断

基于PSR模型构建资源环境承载力评价体系,利用熵权法、综合指数模型和GIS的空间分析功能对兰州-西宁(兰西)城市群资源环境承载力进行时空动态剖析,并运用障碍度模型识别其障碍因子。结果表明: 2005—2018年,兰西城市群资源环境承载力呈波动上升态势,资源环境承载力状况较好;资源环境承载力变异系数亦有波动上升趋势,区域差异逐步扩大。资源环境承载力空间上总体呈现以兰州与西宁主城区为中心的“双核”结构特征,高水平区主要集中于以兰州市和西宁市为中心的河湟谷地及其周边部分县区,低水平区集中于城市群中部、南部地区。其中,资源环境承载力子系统指数的时空分异特征显著,压力指数呈波动下降态势,空间上呈现以兰州与西宁市区为中心向外围地区递减的分布特征;状态指数呈波动上升态势,呈东西两翼高、中部低的空间演化特征;响应指数整体呈上升态势,空间上呈东高西低、中高外低的格局特征。城镇化率、人均工业废水排放量、生活垃圾无害化处理率、水耗指数和环保投资占GDP比重是制约兰西城市群资源环境承载能力提升的主要障碍因子。     

Kinetics of protein agglomeration. A nephelometric method for the determination of total protein in biological samples

The kinetics of agglomeration of proteins precipitating in a viscous solution was measured by light scattering. The resulting transitory maximum was linearly proportional to the mass of protein over three orders of magnitude. The change in scattering intensity is described as a change in scattering symmetry due to a continuous in particle size.This method is both fast (minutes) and sensitive (30 ng protein) and is independent of the chemical composition of the different protein species and is barely influenced by size and shape of the proteins.By solubilising the protein in an alkaline dedecyl sulfate solution this method can be applied to all types of biological samples (e.g. tissue homogenates proteins) and also to all types of biological preparations containing detergents as well as urea, sucrose, salts and lipids.     

基于效率的医院规模经济实证分析

目的 了解医院是否存在规模经济及适宜床位规模大小。方法 利用浙江省500张床及以上综合性医院数据,用主、客观结合的方式和效率回归调整模型筛选评价指标,用数据包络分析方法和Tobit回归模型进行实证分析。结果 所有决策单元的总体效率和纯技术效率、规模效率平均得分均大于0.93;36%的单元为总体有效,65%的单元为纯技术有效,43%的单元为规模有效;43%的单元处于规模报酬不变区间,42%的单元处于报酬递增区间,15%的单元处于报酬递减区间;全要素生产率平均呈下降;效率的影响因素主要有床位、药品收入比重、设备数量、医院等级、诊次床位比、业务收支比、每床卫技数、每床固定资产、所在地区千人医生数和经济水平等。结论 多数医院存在规模经济。医院床位数在800～1 300张较为合适。提高医院经营效率可采取以下措施：合理控制床位;控制药品收入比重,注重医疗技术的提高;提高管理水平,控制固定资产过度投入;提高地区卫生资源水平和经济发展水平。     

Do Migrants Degrade Coastal Environments? Migration,Natural Resource Extraction and Poverty in North Sulawesi,Indonesia

Recent literature on migration and the environment has identified key mediating variables such as how migrants extract resources from the environment for their livelihoods, the rate and efficiency of extraction, and the social and economic context within which their extraction occurs. This paper investigates these variables in a new ecological setting using data from coastal fishing villages in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. We do not find as many differences between migrant and non-migrant families regarding destructive fishing behavior, technology, and investment as might have been expected from earlier theories. Instead, the context and timing of migrant assimilation seems to be more important in explaining apparent associations of migration and environmental impacts than simply migrants themselves. This finding fits well with recent literature in the field of international migration and immigrant incorporation.     

Seasonal anthropometric cycles in a command economy: The case of Czechoslovakia, 1946–1966

Anthropometric evidence is used to shed light on the living standards in early communist Czechoslovakia (1946-1966). Height and weight variation of adolescent boys exhibit a pattern that is inconsistent with that for a normal healthy population. The hypothesis is proposed that this pattern arose from periodic food supply shortages, most marked in the spring of each year. The boys in the sample display a remarkably slow growth during the spring but catch up over the summer.     

Measuring Sustainability Efficiency Using a Two‐Stage Data Envelopment Analysis Approach

In this article, we apply an additive two‐stage data envelopment analysis estimator on a panel of 20 countries with advanced economies for the time period 1990–2011 in order to create a composite sustainability efficiency index. We use a window‐based approach in order to study the countries over the years. The sustainability efficiency index is decomposed into production efficiency and eco‐efficiency indicators. The results reveal inequalities among the examined countries between the two stages. The eco‐efficiency stage is characterized by large inequalities among countries and significantly lower efficiency scores than the overall sustainability efficiency and the production efficiency. Finally, it is reported that a country's high production efficiency level does not ensure a high eco‐efficiency performance.     

长株潭城市群生态屏障研究

构筑城市(群)生态屏障是我国生态建设的重点之一。高速城市化进程中,城市范围、征用土地、人口数量、建设规模不断扩大,生态安全形势日益严峻,生态环境保护压力不断加大。长株潭城市群是国家"两型"社会建设试验区,生态屏障建设备受关注。在广泛开展社会调研、专项调查、专题研究、学术讨论的基础上,根据景观生态学和保护生物学的相关原理,通过对区域生态压力、需求、承载力的分析,借助RS、GIS、GPS等现代高新技术,科学区划长株潭城市群生态屏障的空间层级、结构、布局、功能区,明确了各功能区的建设方向、目标,提出了分区管理和分级保护等具体空间管治措施,规划2020年前保护建设工程项目。研究结果表明,城市群必须根据生态环境承载能力,按生态隔离组团方式科学布局城市空间,预留足够的生态基地,优先构筑稳固的生态屏障;按照主体功能区划和目标定位,严格管治和合理布局生态用地,加强部门规划统筹协调,依法严格保护森林和湿地;加强公共财政转移支付和社会融资力度,抓紧实施生态屏障工程建设,努力改善环境质量,维护区域生态平衡,努力实现资源节约、环境友好、提高城市品位和综合竞争能力的社会发展目标。研究结果可为城市生态屏障建设提供科学方法和依据,同时也可为全国其它城市(群)生态屏障建设提供参考和借鉴。     

21世纪以来闽三角城市群人类景观开发强度的时空演变——基于能值-GIS方法

在快速的城市化进程中,城市群作为城市发展到成熟阶段的高级空间组织形式,其在推进城市群区域社会经济一体化的同时,也在一定程度上加剧了城市群的人地关系矛盾和景观开发强度。为量化城市群的人类景观开发强度,揭示自然环境对人类资源消耗过程的压力响应机制,选取闽三角城市群在2000、2005和2013年的夜间灯光数据(DMSP/OLS)作为刻画人类经济活动范围的基础数据,通过能值分析理论,耦合可更新能源(太阳能、风能、地热能和降雨化学能等)与基于统计数据的不可更新能源进行能值核算,并进一步描述人类景观开发强度(Landscape development intensity,LDI)的时空演变特征,基于人类活动对自然生态系统的干扰程度划分为5级进行空间展示与分析。结果表明:(1)在时间尺度上,闽三角城市群的年可更新能值密度均值在2000、2005和2013年,分别为9.42×10~(16) sej/hm~2、7.25×10~(16) sej/hm~2和7.88×10~(16) sej/hm~2,呈现出先减后增的趋势,在空间尺度上,闽三角城市群可更新资源由环海湾地带向内陆地区呈环形逐层增加,其中在2000年表现尤为明显;(2)在不可更新资源的利用上,闽三角城市群的本地不可更新能源能值投入在2000、2005和2013年,分别为4.64×10~(24) sej、4.63×10~(24) sej和4.66×10~(24) sej,只出现轻微浮动,而外部输入能源的能值投入则在2000、2005和2013年,分别为1.41×10~(24) sej、3.18×10~(24) sej和5.71×10~(24) sej呈现逐年上升趋势,且其中对原煤的需求表现最高,占比高达90%;(3)LDI在空间分布上,自内陆至沿海干扰等级逐渐上升,其中,强度干扰与剧烈干扰主要覆盖厦门市、龙海市、晋江市和石狮市;在时间分布上,呈现出强度干扰和剧烈干扰逐渐增大的趋势。研究有助于政府对不同干扰等级区域的城乡建设与规划管理提供决策依据,为实现城市群可持续发展提供数据参考。